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Biographies of people who contributed plants to the |
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A note about the reference citations and hyperlinks to the documents provided. |
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Garber, Abram Paschal. (1838-1881) Abram Paschal Garber was born (January 1838) just east of Columbia, Pennsylvania and was raised on the family's farm that his parents, Jacob B. and Susanna Garber, named "Floral Retreat". Jacob maintained a greenhouse on the farm and was a dedicated horticulturist, who frequently wrote articles on practical applications useful to the plantsman (Brandt 2015, Ellis & Evans 1883, JSTOR 2013). Jacob authored short reports published in various issues of the Pennsylvania Farm Journal on a variety of topics from peas to pears and grapes to gooseberries (e.g. Garber 1852, 1853, 1855). Abram's studies at Millersville Normal School (present day Millersville University) began in the fall of 1856, but he did not graduate until 1865. During the interim, he taught at several public schools in Lancaster County and was a principal at Catasauqua Seminary near Allentown, Pennsylvania. During the Civil War, he enlisted with the 195th Pennsylvania Volunteers and served in Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia, during the summer and fall of 1864 (JSTOR 2013, Keidel 1914). At some time in his early career, Garber became acquainted with botanist Thomas C. Porter and the fall of 1865 saw Abram choose Lafayette College (Easton, Pennsylvania) to continue his education, because it was there that Porter was a professor of botany. Garber became a member of Lafayette's Washington Literary Society and, after earning his A.B. in 1868, he was appointed to the position of "Assistant in Natural History" at the college. During the ensuing two years, Garber's plant collecting excursions took him through much of Pennsylvania, either alone or with fellow botanist Thomas P. James, and those outings resulted in many additions to the Lafayette College herbarium (Harshberger 1899, JSTOR 2013, Keidel 1914, North Carolina Botanical Garden 2019, Stonecipher 1913). During the period 1870 to 1872, Garber studied at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Medicine in Philadelphia (1870-1872) under Dr. Traill Green, after which he accepted the position of Assistant Resident Physician at the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital in Harrisburg, where he oversaw the treatment of some 200 patients. Garber remained there until the tuberculosis he contracted became debilitating, at which time (1875) he resigned and established a private medical practice in Pittsburgh. He remained in private practice for only a few months, because his health deteriorated significantly (JSTOR 2013, Keidel 1914, North Carolina Botanical Garden 2019, Stonecipher 1913). Thinking a warmer climate would improve his condition, Garber left Pennsylvania for Florida during the winter months (Harshberger 1899, JSTOR 2013, Keidel 1914, North Carolina Botanical Garden 2019), a move that is reflected in his collecting history. The iDigBio database indicates, Garber botanized Pennsylvania during or before 1870, but from then until his death, Garber's collections came from Florida, Puerto Rico, and other warmer places that challenged his weakened constitution less. Garber's publications, some of which are listed in Keidel (1914), included descriptions of segments of Florida's flora (1877b,c, 1878a) and others dealt with specific taxa (e.g. Garber 1877a, 1878b). In recognition of Garber's contributions to the knowledge of Florida's flora, Asa Gray made the following designation regarding a member of the Asteraceae. "I wish to secure an opportunity which occurs to dedicate a genus of plants peculiar to Florida to Dr. A. P. Garber, of Pennsylvania, who has done such good botanical service in his recent faithful exploration of the southern portion of Florida. Among the rest, he has rediscovered the interesting plant which will now commemorate his name and services. ... The name and synonymy will stand thus: Garberia fruticosa. (Gray 1879)." The plant, now known as Garberia heterophylla (W. Bartram) Merrill & F. Harper, is a purplish flowered shrub that grows in sandy soils of central Florida (Lamont 2006) Five of Garber's specimens (collected during the 1860s in Pennsylvania and New Jersey) are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A large number of Garber collections from various states may be reviewed via the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Brandt, Dennis. 2015. Dr. Abraham Paschal Garber. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Ellis, Franklin & Samuel Evans. 1883. History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: with biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men. p. 890 of 1101. Garber, Dr. A.P. 1877a. Notes on Tillandsia. Botanical Gazette 2:59-60. Garber, Dr. A.P. 1877b. Botanical rambles in Middle Florida. Botanical Gazette 2:102-103. Garber, Dr. A.P. 1877c. Botanical rambles in East Florida. Botanical Gazette 2:70-72 & 82-83. Garber, Dr. A.P. 1878a. Ferns in South Florida. Botanical Gazette 3:82-85. Garber, Dr. A.P. 1878b. Nelumbium luteum. Bot. Gazette 3:81-85. Garber, Jacob B. 1852. Meeting of the Lancaster County Agricultural Society. Pennsylvania Farm Jrnl. November. 2(8):252-253. Garber, Jacob B. 1853. Black knots on plum trees. Pennsylvania Farm Jrnl. September. 3(6):172-173. G[arber], J[acob] B. 1855. Raising fruit and grain from seed, with the view of originating new varieties. Pennsylvania Farm Jrnl. March. 5(3):77-78. Gray, Asa. 1879. On the Genus Garberia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia. 31:379-380. Harshberger, John William. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. Press of T.C. Davis & Sons. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 302-303 of 457. JSTOR. 2013. Garber, Abram Paschal (1838-1881). Global Plants. Keidel, George C. 1914. Dr. Abram P. Garber: A biographical sketch. Lancaster county historical society. 8(8):199-219 pp. Lamont, Eric E. 2006. Garberia. Flora of North America. 21:538-539. North Carolina Botanical Garden. 2019. Abram Paschal Garber. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Stonecipher, John Franklin. 1913. Biographical catalogue of Lafayette College. 1832-1912. The Chemical Publishing Company. Easton, Pennsylvania. pp. 18 & 151 of 814 Gilbert, Benjamin Davis (1835-1907)
Benjamin Davis Gilbert was born (November 1835) in Albany, New York. Because his father, Benjamin, died three months prior to his birth and his mother, Elizabeth, perished six months after he was born, Benjamin grew up in the household of a maternal uncle in Cooperstown, New York. He attended high school at the Delaware Literary Institute in Franklin, New York (1853 graduate (Ancestry.com 2021, Clute 1907, Riedinger et al. 2012)) and from there he went to Hamilton College in Clinton, about 40 miles east of Syracuse. Gilbert earned his A.B. from Hamilton in 1857 (Hamilton College 1932) and moved to Buffalo, where he spent three years working for a brokerage firm. In 1860 Gilbert, and his cousin Robert H. Davis, moved to Utica, where they opened and operated Davis & Gilbert, a bookstore, which functioned prosperously, until it was dissolved in 1876 — though Mr. Gilbert was not associated with the bookstore during that entire period (Cookinham 1912b, Harberer 1924). Beginning in 1877, Gilbert was an editor for the Utica Morning Herald and he worked as secretary of the Utica Board of Trade from 1878 to 1907. In addition, he spent time (1892-1897) working for the New York State Dairy Men's Association and he spoke at a number of ag related functions on topics important to dairymen and farmers. Mr. Gilbert was for a time involved in the production of agricultural equipment — hay forks, hoes, scythes, etc. — with the S. A. Millard Manufacturing Company (Cookinham 1912b, Epy 2010, Harberer 1924). The USDA published a work he completed on the history of cheese making in New York (Gilbert 1896). Benjamin Gilbert developed an interest in plants, especially ferns, shortly after graduating from college (Cookinham 1912a) and assembled an impressive personal herbarium by collecting, purchasing, and exchanging specimens from around the world. His travels to places like Ceylon, Japan, New Zealand, the islands of the West Indies, and a variety of locations in the United States made his diverse fern collection all the more valuable (Clute 1907, Cookinham 1912b, Harberer 1924). Gilbert reported the results of his investigations in a number of fern-related papers in the Fern Bulletin and the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club (e.g. Gilbert 1897, 1898a&b, 1899). Seven of Gilbert's collections from the state of New York are in the Putnam Museum herbarium and, oddly enough, none are pteridophytes. Other Gilbert specimens may be viewed via the iDigBio or the SEINet database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Benjamin Davis Gilbert. July 2014 Arbor Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Clute, Willard N. (ed.) 1907. In memorium. The Fern Bull. 15:65-67. Cookinham, Henry J. 1912a. History of Oneida County, New York From 1700 to the present time of some of its prominent men and pioneers. Vol. 1. Chap. 7: Botany. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. Chicago. p. 49 of 295. Cookinham, Henry J. 1912b. History of Oneida County, New York From 1700 to the present time of some of its prominent men and pioneers. Vol. 2. S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. Chicago. pp. 609-610 of 699. Epy. 2010. Sterling Armstrong Millard. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Gilbert, B.D. 1896. Cheese industry of the State of New York. Bulletin No. 15. Bureau of Animal Industry. U.S.D.A. Washington, D.C. 54 pp. Gilbert, B.D. 1897. Jamaica - the fern-lover's paradise. Fern Bulletin 5:37-40. Gilbert, Benjamin D. 1898a. Revision of the Bermuda ferns. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25:593-604. Gilbert, Benjamin D. 1898b. Asplenium fontanum in the west. Fern Bulletin 4:4-5. Gilbert, Benjamin D. 1899. Dryopteris noveboracensis without indusia. Fern Bulletin 7:3. Hamilton College. 1932. Complete alumni register: 1812-1932. Hamilton College Bulletin. Vol. 16. p. 80 of 383. Harberer, Joseph V. 1924. Utica botanist collected many ferns and mosses. Part IV. Utica Daily Press. February - June 1924. Transcribed by Steve Young (New York Natural Heritage Program) in New York Flora Assn. Newsletter 18:1-6. Riedinger, Joyce, Barbara Grady, & Bob Taylor. 2012. 1906 picture of the Delaware Literary Institute & Delaware Literary Institute Graduates: 1836-1908. Delaware County NY Genealogy and History Site. Delaware County Historical Association. Delhi, New York. Henry Gillman (see Gillman 1895 and Talalay & Root 2015 for photo) was born in Kinsale, Ireland in November of 1833 to Edward and Eleanor Gillman — the second oldest of 12 children. His schooling began via private tutors and then he continued his education at Hamilton Academy (Bandon, Ireland). His family emigrated to the United States in 1849 and settled in Detroit, Michigan by 1850 (Ancestry.com 2021, Dempster 1915, Hannan 1876, Kark 1994, Twist 2012). Gillman's multifaceted career illustrates his personal versatility. He was part of the topographic and hydrographical team associated with the U. S. Geodetic Survey of the Great Lakes from 1851 to 1869 (e.g. Gillman 1864) and from 1870 to 1876 Henry was an assistant supervisor for construction in lighthouse districts ten and eleven on the Northern Lakes (an area, part of which, encompassed Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior (Admin 2012). The Detroit Scientific Association was established in 1874, with Henry Gillman as one of the original organizers and a collection curator (Farmer 1884, Gillman 1895). During the years 1880 to 1885 Henry worked as superintendent and librarian with the Detroit Public Library (Anonymous 1897, Kark 1994). In 1886 Gillman's political support of Grover Cleveland in the presidential campaign translated into his appointment as U.S. Consul to Jerusalem from 1886 to 1891. His appointment to the Middle East fed his archeological interests and Gillman assembled a collection of historical artifacts, 3254 of which were donated to the University of Michigan by his son Robert. During his tenure in Jerusalem, Henry was a leader in the effort to prevent the expulsion by Ottoman rulers of Jews from Palestine (Anonymous 1897, Dempster 1915, Gillman 1895, Kark 1994, Talalay & Root 2015). A first-person description of Gillman's experiences was presented in The Free Press (1891). Beyond the above, Mr. Gillman was involved in plant related research (see Gillman 1874 & Goodale 1876) and prior to 1885 a number of short botanical pieces authored by him appear in the issues of "The American Naturalist" (e.g. Gillman 1878, 1879, 1881b). Henry pursued his archaeological interests, not only in the vicinity of Jerusalem, but domestically as well (Gillman 1876a,b,&c, 1881a). Additionally, Gillman the poet published a book of verse in 1868 (Gillman 1868) and he even published a novel set in the Holy Land (Gillman 1898)! Seven specimens collected by Henry Gillman in Wisconsin from the western shore of Lake Michigan in 1866 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Several hundred additional specimens collected by him in the Great Lakes region may be viewed via the iDigBio and SEINet databases. .......... Admin. 2012. Light-House Service District Maps. Kenrick A. Claflin & Son Nautical Antiques. Worcester, Massachusetts. Ancestry.com. 2021. Henry Gillman. Morley Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1897. The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol 7. James T. White & Co. New York. p. 359 of 531. Dempster, James Herbert (ed.). 1915. News. Detroit Medical Journal. 15:332. Farmer, Silas. 1884. The history of Detroit and Michigan. Silas Farmer & Co. Detroit, Michigan. p. 714 of 1024. Gillman, Alexander W. 1895. Searches into the history of the Gillman or Gilman family. Elliot Stock. London, England. pp. 77 &:amp; 78 of 334. Gillman, Henry. 1864. Preliminary chart of Copper Harbor. United States Lakes Survey. Survey of the N. & N.W. Lakes. Gillman, Henry. 1868. Marked For Life. Carleton, Publisher. New York. 216 pp. Gillman, Henry. 1874. Abnormal form of Allosorus acrostichoides. Amer. Naturalist 8:304-305. Gillman, Henry. 1876a. Peculiarities of the femora from tumuli in Michigan. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. pp. 300-307. Gillman, Henry. 1876b. Some observations on the orbits of the mound crania. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. pp. 307-311. Gillman, Henry. 1876c. Investigation of the burial mound at Fort Wayne, on the Detroit River, Michigan. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Sci. pp. 311-325. Gillman, Henry. 1878. Rare ferns in central Florida. Amer. Naturalist 12:748-749. Gillman, Henry. 1879. The Houstonia rotundifolia producing double flowers. Amer. Naturalist 13:700. Gillman, Henry. 1881a. The Mound-Builders in Michigan. (Read before the Detroit Scientific Association in 1874.) Michigan Pioneer and Historical Collections 3:202-212. Gillman, Henry. 1881b. Lemna polyrrhiza again discovered in flower on the Detroit River. Amer. Naturalist 15:896-897. Gillman, Henry. 1898. Hassan: a Fellah. Little-Brown and Company. Boston, Massachusetts. 597 pp. Goodale, G.L. 1876. Botany. Amer. Naturalist 10:110. Hannan, Caryn. 1876. Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 1. Somerset Publishers, Inc. St. Clair Shores, Michigan. p. 300. Kark, Ruth. 1994. American consuls in the Holy Land (1832-1914). Wayne State University Press. Detroit, Michigan. pp. 327-329 of 386. Talalay, Lauren E. & Margaret Cool Root. 2015. Passionate Curiosities: Tales of collectors & collections from the Kelsey Museum. Kelsey Museum of Archeology. Publ. 13. Ann Arbor, Michigan. (Photo of Henry Gillman on p. 87.) The Free Press. 1891. Hon. Henry Gillman. The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. p. 7. columns 1 & 2. October 11, 1891. Twist. 2012. Henry Gillman. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Grabau, Amadeus William (1870-1946)
Amadeus W. Grabau was born (January 1870) in Cedarburgh, Wisconsin (Thomas 1946, Nelson 2009). His education began in his father's Lutheran school, but he continued his high school education in the Cedarburgh public school. It was while roaming the countryside in Wisconsin that Amadeus first developed an appreciation for nature (Mazur 2004). His father (Rev. William H. Grabau) accepted a position at Martin Luther Seminary in Buffalo, New York in about 1885. It was about then that Amadeus began an apprenticeship with a bookbinder in Buffalo, but he continued his secondary education via night classes and apparently it was there in Buffalo that he developed a serious interest in botany and geology (Mazur 2004, Thomas 1946). Grabau's post-secondary education began with correspondence courses, one of which in mineralogy brought him in contact with William Otis Crosby at M.I.T. (Marvin 1997, Mazur 2004). Crosby's course inspired Grabau to focus on the study of geology (Shrock 1946) and the professor was so impressed with the student, that he hired Amadeus for a position at the Boston Society of Natural History in 1890. Furthermore, Crosby helped Grabau continue his education at the Boston Latin School, M.I.T., and Harvard University (Johnson 1985, Mazur 2004). Grabau made effective use of Crosby's help by graduating from Boston Latin in 1886 (BLSA 2016), earning his bachelor's degree from M.I.T. (1896), and his M.S. and Sc.D. (in 1898 and 1900, respectively) from Harvard University (Johnson 1985, Shrock 1946). Grabau taught at M.I.T. from 1892 to 1897 and then at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York (1899-1901). He moved on to Columbia University in New York City in 1901 and while at Columbia, Grabau was author or co-author of two influential texts: the two-volume "North American Index Fossils" (Grabau & Shimer 1909-1910) and "Principles of Stratigraphy" (Grabau 1913). Grabau's demise at Columbia seems to have been the product of a collision of philosophies. First, some of his hypotheses on stratigraphy were at odds with the beliefs of other prominent geologists. Second, growing anti-German sentiment in the U.S., before and during America's involvement in World War I, troubled this man of German descent personally and led to friction between him and other staff members. Third, marital problems developed, when his wife, Mary Antin, (of Russian-Jewish extraction) spoke openly in support of the Allied cause. The end result was that by the close of 1919 Grabau was estranged from his wife and enamored with neither the United States, nor Columbia University, so they parted ways (Columbia University Library 2005, Johnson 1985, Shrock 1946). All told, though his personal life may have been in a state of disarray, his professional career was extremely rewarding. While in the United States, Grabau published six textbooks and in excess of 150 journal articles (Shrock 1946). At Columbia, Grabau had overseen the graduate work of a few students from China. In 1920 he was recruited for a position in China as paleontologist for the Chinese Geological Survey and professor of paleontology at Peking National University (now Peking University) (Johnson 1985, Shrock 1946). In Peking, Grabau published not only ten major volumes, but a variety of teaching aids, reports, and refereed papers that numbered in excess of 150 (Shrock 1946). Arguably, his greatest contribution to geology during his life in China, was his dedication to the students of stratigraphy and paleontology at Peking National University (Johnson 1985). A severe arthritic condition and other ailments greatly impeded his activities, but they did not quash Grabau's productivity. Though physical maladies required that he be carried to the university in a special chair and helped to the lectern, Grabau remained devoted to his classes in historical geology and advanced paleontology (Johnson 1985). The year 1937 brought the beginning of the 2nd Sino-Japanese War. Peking National University was closed and moved farther south. The geological survey was shifted to a different location, but Grabau's declining health made him too fragile and he remained in Peking. At the time, the United States remained a neutral observer of the conflict, so Grabau (still a U.S. citizen) was safe at his Peking home. However, the neutrality of the U.S. ended with its entry in the combat of World War II in 1941 and Grabau was summarily imprisoned by Japanese authorities. Because he suffered from chronic conditions of arthritis, bronchitis, and arterial disease, when the Japanese surrendered in 1945, Grabau was released from detention, albeit in a perilously weakened state. He perished on March 20, 1946 and his ashes were interred on the Peking University campus in an area that has been set aside as a memorial park (Friedman 1997, Johnson 1985, Mazur 2004, Nelson 2009). Some of Prof. Grabau's scholarly works are listed below (Grabau 1901, 1913, 1921), but one may peruse a thorough compilation of Amadeus' publications at Google Scholar (2021) and Ockerbloom (2021). Fourteen plant specimens collected by Dr. Grabau from New York and Ontario in 1889 and 1890 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium and 26 additional plants are listed in the SEINet database. Another group of specimens collected by Grabau may be reviewed via the iDigBio database, many of which are fossil specimens. .......... BLSA. 2016. Boston Latin School: Notable Graduates. Boston Latin School Association. Boston, Massachusetts. Columbia University Library. 2005. Amadeus Grabau Papers, 1909-1940. Rare Book & Manuscript Library Collections. Columbia University. New York City, New York. Friedman, Gerald M. 1997. In memory of Amadeus W. Grabau (1870-1946) on the semi-centennial of his death. Proc. 30th Intern. Geol. Congress. 26:157-164. Google Scholar. 2021. Amadeus W. Grabau. Google Inc. Mountain View, California. Grabau, A.W. 1901. Guide to the geology and paleontology of Niagara Falls and vicinity. New York State Museum Bulletin No. 45. 284 pp. Grabau, Amadeus W. and Henry W. Shimer. 1909-1910. North American Index Fossils. Institute of Technology Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Vol. 1, 853 pp. & Vol. 2, 727 pp. Grabau, A.W. 1913. Principles of Stratigraphy. A.G. Seiler & Co. New York. 1185 pp. Grabau, A.W. 1921. A Textbook of Geology. D.C. Health & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. 976 pp. Johnson, Markes E. 1985. A.W. Grabau and the Fruition of a New Life in China. Jrnl. Geological Educ. 33:106-111. Marvin, Ursula B. 1997. The global theories of Amadeus W. Grabau ( 1870-1946): A retrospective view. Proc. 30th Intern. Geol. Congress. 26:165-175. Mazur, Allan. 2004. A romance in natural history. The lives and works of Amadeus Grabau and Mary Antin. Garrett. Syracuse, New York. 484 pp. [review by: R. L. Langenheim, R.L. 2006. Earth Sciences History. 25:168-170.] Nelson, Chris. 2009. Amadeus William Grabau. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Ockerbloom, John Mark. (ed.). 2021. Online Books by Amadeus W. Grabau. The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Shrock, Robert Rakes. 1946. Geology at M.I.T. 1865-1965. Volume 2. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. h24 - h26. Thomas, H. Dighton. 1946. Prof. Amadeus W. Grabau. Nature. 158:89-90. Grant, James Benton (1848-1911)
In January of 1848 James B. Grant was born to Thomas McDonough and Mary Jane Grant on the family's plantation in Russell County, Alabama. He cared for livestock, split rails for fence, tended various crops, and received a private education. Grant's enlistment attempts in the Confederate Army, starting in 1861, were repeatedly denied, but then at the age of 17, near the close of the Civil War, he was accepted and served in Captain James F. Waddell's artillery battalion, until the end of the conflict (Anonymous 1911, Find a grave 2003, Golowka 1998, Goodspeed 1904, Gurganus 2016, Norman 2017, Parsons 1917, State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado 1927). The death of his father and the financial devastation wrought by the war forced the family in 1870 to move to Davenport, Iowa, where James' uncle, Judge James Grant, was a wealthy and prominent jurist, politician, and legislator (Downer 1910, Dynes-Wolak 2011, Lloyd 1873). Judge Grant had recognized the financial hardships brought on his family in Alabama by the Civil War, so he had encouraged them to join him in Davenport, where he financed the education of several family members, including that of James B. Grant. James Grant (the nephew) enrolled for a few years (1871 through August 1873) at Iowa State Agriculture College in Ames, Iowa and during the same period he took classes at the University of Illinois. He felt that a better education in engineering could be had elsewhere, so James transferred to Cornell University in New York for about a year (September 1873 - at least June 1874). Soon thereafter he left the United States for Germany, where he spent two years studying metallurgy at the Freiberg School of Mines (Egan 2015, Goodspeed 1904, Grant 1871-1877, Linderman 1927). After completing his education, James left Germany, toured a number of mining operations in Australia, and by 1876 he was back in the United States. In 1877 Grant settled in Central City, Colorado, where he analyzed ore for its precious mineral content. In 1878 he purchased a $5000 interest in a mine, that unbeknownst to him had been "salted" by a swindler and his investment evaporated. Discouraged by his financial loss with the "Clarissa" mine folly, Grant considered abandoning the mining industry entirely, but his uncle (again Judge James Grant) encouraged him to give the Leadville, Colorado area a try. In the summer of 1878 Grant (the younger) moved to Leadville and soon envisioned the construction of a smelter to separate the precious metals from the ore that was mined. Using a $50,000 investment from his uncle (who at the time resided in Denver), the Grant Smelter was built in Leadville and operated so successfully that it stimulated even greater mining in the area (Egan 2015, Linderman 1927, Parsons 1917). The original smelter burnt down in May of 1882, was soon replaced by another near the railyards in Denver, and operated from 1882 to 1903 (Egan 2015, U.S. EPA Region 8. 2015). Ore arrived in Denver from mines as far away as Montana and northern Mexico (Leonard & Noel 1990) and during that period the Omaha & Grant Smelter produced copper, gold, lead, and silver, with the waste material (slag) being dumped in nearby piles. In 1903 the facility closed, due to ore depletion in the nearby mines and a contentious labor dispute. During the ensuing years the plant was slowly dismantled, the slag was removed, and by 1950 only the 350-foot-tall smokestack remained. In February 1950 the smokestack was demolished, site clean-up was completed, and within two years the Denver Coliseum (host of concerts, sports teams, trade shows, and other municipal functions) occupied the plot (Egan 2011). Unfortunately, subsequent environmental investigations of the former smelter site, which is adjacent to the shores of the South Platte River, revealed significant contamination of the soils, where levels of arsenic were found to vary between three and 93 times that of normal background levels and lead levels exceeded normal by up to 250 times. The area was subsequently designated an expansive (approximately four square miles) EPA Superfund site, and a mitigation plan for the removal and disposal of the targeted soils was developed (Chergo 2016, U.S. EPA Region Eight 2015). Between 1881 and 1890, the smelters in Denver refined an estimated $185 million (Leonard & Noel 1990) in precious metals (the equivalent of $5.3 billion in 2015). Part of that success was also realized at the Omaha & Grant Smelter and James B. Grant became a very wealthy man. And, as is true today, with money comes influence. Mr. Grant was a founder and vice president (1884-1911) of the Denver National Bank (State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado 1927) and he was elected Colorado's third governor, for the term from January 1883 to January 1885. Following his tenure as governor, Grant served as president of the Denver Board of Education (1892 to 1897), he was a financial backer and trustee of the University of Denver (1884-1904), and helped establish the Colorado Scientific Society (Eckel 1993, National Governors Association 2015, Peterson 1984). He succumbed to a heart attack in November of 1911 and was buried in Denver, Colorado (Culver 2012, National Governors Association 2015). Fifty plant specimens collected in Story County, Iowa by Grant in 1872, while he was a student at Iowa Agriculture College in Ames are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Each of the specimen labels bears the heading "Class Collection" and a later notation of "Agricultural College. Iowa". .......... Anonymous. 1911. Life of Late Ex.-Gov. Grant. Davenport Weekly Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 2. column 4. November 9, 1911. Chergo, Jennifer. 2016. Vasquez Boulevard & Interstate 70 Superfund site (VB/I-70). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Region 8. Culver, Joyce Escue. 2012. James Benton Grant. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Dynes-Wolak, Gervaise. 2011. Mary Jane Benton Grant. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Downer, Harry E. 1910. History of Davenport and Scott County, Iowa. Vol. 1. Chapter 18 - The Scott County Bar. S.J. Clarke Publishing. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 517-546 of 1011. Eckel, Edwin B. 1993. History of the Colorado Scientific Society 1882-2002. Colorado Scientific Society. Denver, Colorado. Egan, Marty Lou. 2011. The Omaha and Grant Smelter. Globeville Story. Web blog post. Egan, Marty Lou. 2015. James Benton Grant. Globeville Story. Web blog post. Find a grave. 2003. James Benton Grant, Sr. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Golowka, Carolyn. 1998. Waddell's Artillery Battery. Alabama Civil War Roots. An ancestry.com community. Goodspeed, Weston Arthur. 1904. The Province and the States: Missouri, Kansas, Colorado. Western Historical Association. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 440 of 490. Grant, James B. 1871-1877. Personal letters to Judge James Grant. James Grant Collection. Folder 281. Putnam Museum and Science Center Archive. Davenport, Iowa. Gurganus, Ray. 2016. Ray's extended family tree. Our family tree. Leonard, Stephen J. & Thomas J. Noel. 1990. Denver: mining camp to metropolis. Univ. of Colorado Press. Niwot, Colorado. Linderman Co. 1927. History of Colorado. Linderman Co., Inc. Publishers. Denver, Colorado. pp. 407 & 408 of 734. Lloyd, F. (corresponding sec'y). 1873. Honorable James Grant. The Annals of Iowa 11:561-588. National Governors Association. 2015. Governor James Benton Grant. Colorado: Past Governors Bios. Norman, Ron. 2017. James Benton Grant (1848 - 1911). WikiTree. Parsons, Eugene. 1917. James Benton Grant. The Mining American. 75:3-6. Peterson, Richard H. 1984. The spirit of giving: The educational philanthropy of western mining leaders, 1870-1900. Pacific Historical Review. 53(3):309-336. State Historical and Natural History Society of Colorado. 1927. History of Colorado. Vol. 5. Linderman Co., Publ. Denver, Colorado. pp. 407-408 of 734. U.S. EPA Region 8. 2015. In the matter of: Vasquez Boulevard/Interstate 70 site Operable Unit 2 U.S. EPA Docket No. CERCLA-08-2015-0006
In November of 1810 Asa Gray was born in Oneida County, New York to Moses and Roxana Gray — Asa was one of six children. He finished his early education in about 1825 at Clinton Grammar School, which was five (or so) miles from home. His academic studies continued at Fairfield Academy in Fairfield, New York, but not long after beginning his course of study, Asa switched programs and was accepted in the Fairfield Medical College. His interest in botany germinated during his early medical studies and it was at that time that Gray became acquainted with John Torrey (Coulter 1910, Farlow 1895, Find a grave 2000). Gray actually earned his medical degree in 1831, but by all accounts, he never really practiced medicine. Though he was interested in a variety of sciences (e.g. geology and chemistry), botany was his favorite and two years after earning the M.D., Asa accepted a position as an assistant to John Torrey at the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1836 he moved on to the New York Lyceum of Natural History (today's New York Academy of Sciences) as Curator (Coulter 1910). The relationship between Torrey and Gray developed not only into a life-long friendship, but a series of botanical collaborations. The careers and accomplishments of Torrey and Gray are far too voluminous to be summarized meticulously here. Regarding Asa Gray, suffice it to say that he was one of North America's most distinguished early botanists, an ardent supporter of Charles Darwin, and a dedicated student of the flora of North America. Several authors have carefully described Gray's contributions to botany, from the New York Lyceum to Harvard University, in painstaking detail and the interested reader is referred to the works cited below (Anonymous 1888, Kelly 1914, Kimler 2011, Leinhard 1988-2005, McWhood 2016, Williams 1998), as well as many other published works which may be perused online or in standard print (Google Scholar 2021, Ockerbloom 2017). Twenty-one specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium list Asa Gray as the collector. Many additional specimens collected by Dr. Gray may be reviewed via the Harvard University Herbaria, iDigBio, and/or the SEINet databases. .......... Anonymous. 1888. Dr. Asa Gray. The Harvard Crimson. February 1, 1888. Coulter, J.M. 1910. Asa Gray, Botanist. in David Starr Jordan (ed.) Leading American Men of Science. Henry Holt and Company. New York. pp. 211-231 of 471. Farlow, W.G. 1895. Memoir of Asa Gray. Read before the National Academy, 17 April 1889. Nat. Acad. Sci. Biographical Memoirs 3:161–175. Find a grave. 2000. Asa Gray. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Google Scholar. 2021. Asa Gray. Google Inc. Mountain View, California. Harvard Papers in Botany. 2010. Asa Gray - Commemorative Issue. Vol. 15. No. 2. December 2010. Kelly, Howard A. 1914. Some American medical botanists. The Southworth Co. Troy, New York. pp. 165 - 177 of 215. Kimler, William. 2011. Charles Darwin and Asa Gray on Design: letters from the Darwin Correspondence Project. North Carolina State University. Raleigh, North Carolina. Leinhard, John H. 1988-2005. The Engines of Our Ingenuity. University of Houston. College of Engineering. Houston, Texas. McWhood, Lynn. (processor) 2016. Asa Gray Papers (1830-1888). Archives. Gray Herbarium Library. Harvard University Herbaria. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. NNDB. 2014. Asa Gray. NNDB (Notable Names Database): Tracking the entire world. Ockerbloom, John Mark. (ed.). 2017. Online books by Asa Gray. The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Williams, David B. 1998. A Wrangle over Darwin: How evolution evolved in America. Harvard Magazine. Vol. 101.
Traill Green was born in May 1813 to Benjamin Green and Elizabeth Traill Green — Traill was the youngest of nine children. He completed his secondary education at the Easton Union Academy and the Minerva Academy (both in Easton, Pennsylvania). During or shortly after his attendance at Minerva Academy, Traill was introduced to the writings of Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. It seems Traill's reading of Buffon's Natural History helped cement his future in the field (Ancestry.com 2023, Cutter 1918, Ellis 1919, McIntire 1897). Green decided that studying medicine would be the most efficacious path to that end. Traill Green attended two series of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania and then studied under Dr. J.K. Mitchell at Dr. Nathaniel Chapman’s Medical Institute (aka Franklin Medical Institute and Medical Institute of Philadelphia), from where he received his M.D. in 1835. Green earned the A.M. degree from Rutgers College in 1841 and an LL. D. from Washington and Jefferson College, Pennsylvania in 1866 (Cutter 1918, Ellis 1919, Green 1813-1897, Harshberger 1899, Kelly & Burrage 1920, McIntire 1897). Dr. Green began his medical career (in 1835) with a position at the Philadelphia's Fifth Street Dispensary, where he remained until the next year. In 1836 Traill Green returned to Easton and set up a private practice, but the following year, he accepted a position as chemistry professor at Lafayette College, where he also delved into the fields of botany, geology, and zoology. It was 1841, when Dr. Green was named the Chair of Natural Science at Marshall College, in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania and there he remained until his return to Lafayette College in 1848. Back at Lafayette, he lectured in the field of chemistry, taught botany classes, and maintained an active medical practice. Dr. Green remained a chemistry professor from 1865 to 1891 and was appointed Dean of the Scientific Department of Lafayette College in 1869. He became a Lafayette College trustee in 1882 (Appel 1886, Cutter 1918, Ellis 1919, Green 1813-1897, Harshberger 1899, Kelly & Burrage 1920). Traill Green was actively involved in a wide variety of Easton's community affairs. He was on the board of directors for the Easton School District and the Easton Cemetery. He was one of the founders of the American Academy of Medicine and helped establish Easton's Female High School. Dr. Green was one of the directors of the Easton Gas Company and helped establish a hospital for the insane. Many of his vast and varied life accomplishments and honors were enumerated by Cutter (1918), Ellis (1919), and Green (1813-1897). More recently Two Rivers Brewing Company produced "Traill Green Farmhouse Ale" to commemorate the life of this prominent physician in Easton's history. Regarding his contributions to science, Harshberger (1899) wrote "Dr. Green was a member of many different scientific societies, and was an author of note, having written a number of scientific books and articles. 'Zoological and Floral Distribution of the United States' (1861) seems to have been the only botanical article from his pen." Dr. Green is cited in a number of publications that may be accessed using a Google Scholar search. Beyond that, eighteen specimens collected by Traill Green (primarily from the area of Easton, Pennsylvania) are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Additional plants collected by Green from Pennsylvania and New York may be viewed via the iDigBio and/or the SEINet database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2023. Traill Green. Jackie's Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Appel, Theodore. 1886. Recollections of college life at Marshall College, Mercersburg, Pa., from 1839 to 1845. Daniel Miller, printer & publisher. Reading, Pennsylvania. pp. 186-194 of 348. Cutter, William Richard. (ed.) 1918. Green, Traill: medical practitioner and instructor. in American Biography: A New Cyclopedia. The American Historical Society, Inc. New York. Vol. 2. pp. 11-17 of 208. Ellis, James A. (ed.) 1919. Traill Green, M.D. in Memorial encyclopedia of the State of Pennsylvania. The American Historical Society, Inc. New York. pp. 218-222 of 436. Green, Traill. 1813-1897. Traill Green papers. Historical Medical Library. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Harshberger, John William. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. Press of T.C. Davis & Sons. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 209 of 457. Kelly, Howard Atwood & Walter L. Burrage. 1920. American medical biographies. The Norman, Remington Company. pp. 463-464. McIntire, Chas. (ed.) 1897. Traill Green: 1813-1897. Lehigh Valley Medical Mag. 8:165-224. Griffith, William (1810 - 1845)
William Griffith, the youngest son of a merchant, was born March 4, 1810 in Ham Common section of London, England. After high school he apprenticed with a local surgeon and about 1829 he began course work at University College in London (Griffith & McClelland 1847, Lang 1913). At the university he showed a particular interest in plants and attended the botany lectures of John Lindley (botany professor, botanical artist, horticulturist, and orchidologist). Apart from his strict medical training, Griffith studied medical botany under William Anderson at the Apothecaries' Garden in Chelsea (Field & Semple 1878, Keeble 1913, Lang 1913). Griffith's abilities and attention to detail, particularly in his botanical art, were so well regarded that he was referenced several times in John Lindley's (1832) "An Introduction to Botany" and in Nathaniel Wallich's (1832) "Plantae Asiaticae Rariores" (Land 1913). In May 1832, having completed his medical studies, William Griffith set sail from England and arrived in Madras, India (present-day Chennai) at the end of September. Though he began his position as an assistant surgeon for the East India Trading Company there, Griffith spent the better part of two years botanizing and working among the islands of the Mergui Archipelago of what is present-day Myanmar (Griffith & McClelland 1847, Lang 1913). In 1833 the East India Company's exclusive right to trade with China was abolished. The loss of that monopoly encouraged trade competition for tea, silk, and other goods from China, but, and perhaps more importantly, it was rumored that tea exports from China might be curtailed. Starting in the 1600s, tea had progressed from a drink-of-fashion to beverage-of-necessity in England. Motivated by that potential trade barrier and the loss of their trade exclusivity, the thusly motivated Company wished to find places for the cultivation of tea (Camellia) outside China (Butterworth 2018a&b, British Library 2018, Kew 2018, Ukers 1935). The East India Company's lost monopoly and the rumored tea embargo led to Dr. Griffith's new appointment in 1835. He, along with the aforementioned botanist Nathaniel Wallich and geologist John McClelland, was assigned to evaluate the natural history of what was at the time called the "Tea Forests" of the Assam region of northeastern India (Griffith & McClelland 1847). The expedition was to visit native tea (Camellia) populations and identify the best locations for cultivation of the plant. Following a four and a half month trek required to reach northeastern-most India from Calcutta, they spent about 60 days in Assam (at least partially near Sadiya - about 600 miles as-the-crow-flies from Calcutta). By the end of March 1836, with botanist Charles A. Bruce as their guide, the expedition had visited five locations where Camellia was indigenous and growing robustly (Butterworth 2018b, Kew 2018, Ukers 1935). During the remainder of 1836, after his fellow investigators had left, Griffith remained in Assam and botanized the Mishmee Hills (see Mishmi Hills) in extreme northeastern India, where the country borders China. The following year Dr. Griffith, accompanied by one helper, explored poorly known parts of central Burma (now Myanmar). They were incommunicado for an extended period and presumed dead, when they surprisingly appeared in Calcutta. During the first part of 1838 he was part of an expedition to Bhutan and by June of the same year he was back in Calcutta organizing his plant collections from the trip. In 1839 he went with an Army expedition to Pakistan, into the state of Kafiristan (now Nuristan), Afghanistan, and on to the Hindu Kush mountain range. He was nearly killed once, when he and an assistant, on a collecting foray ahead of the Army detail, met a group of local citizens. The residents, not altogether pleased with the botanists' presence, attacked the plant collectors, with the intension of doing them great bodily harm - at least. The two men survived and were able to return to the safety of the Army escort, but not before Griffith's assistant lost two fingers in the skirmish. By mid-1841 William Griffith was back in Calcutta, but not before visiting both Simla (Shimla) in northern India and Nerbudda, Burma (Griffith & McClelland 1847, Lang 1913, Stewart 1982). Dr. Griffith was assigned to the position of Civil Assistant-Surgeon in Malacca, Malaysia later in 1841. He attended to his assigned duties and botanized the region, until he was recalled to Calcutta in mid-1842, in order to replace Nathaniel Wallich as director of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. Wallich returned to his post at the botanic garden in August of 1844 and Griffith stayed in Calcutta to work. In September 1844, Dr. Griffith and Miss Henderson, his sister-in-law's sibling, were married. He wished to continue his natural history investigations in Mallaca and by January 1845 he was back in Malaysia. Regrettably, Dr. Griffith's 12+ year career in southeast Asia soon came to an end. Shortly after arriving in Malacca, he contracted hepatitis and on February 9, 1845 he succumbed to it at the age of 35 (Griffith & McClelland 1847, Lang 1913). Only three of Griffith's published works are listed below (Griffith 1838, 1847, 1810-1845), one of those was a posthumous publication. However, many additional journal articles, may be accessed via Google Scholar. Most are botanical in nature, but some deal with insects, fish, and descriptions of regions he visited. Griffith is represented by a single specimen of Halarchon vesiculosus Bge. collected in Afghanistan [sic] with a header that reads "Herb. E. India Comp. No. 423a." The specimen label is entitled "Ex. Coll. G. W. Clinton". Judging from his published itinerary/travelogue (Griffith & McClelland 1847), Griffith must have spent much of 1839 and 1840 in Afghanistan, so it seems reasonable to surmise the Putnam Halarchon specimen was collected during that time period. A type specimen of this taxon collected by W. Griffith, but lacking a date, is present in the herbarium of Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Several hundred specimens collected by W. Griffith in Afghanistan are present in the Kew Herbarium and over 7700 of his collections from across southeast Asia may be viewed via the iDigBio specimen database. .......... British Library. 2018. China Trade and the East India Company. The British Library. London, United Kingdom. Butterworth, Andrew. 2018a. Opium Wars. Library, Art, & Archives Blog. Kew Botanic Gardens. Kew, United Kingdom. Butterworth, Andrew. 2018b. Assam Tea. Library, Art, & Archives Blog. Kew Botanic Gardens. Kew, United Kingdom. Field, Henry & R.H. Semple. 1878. Memoirs of the Botanic Garden at Chelsea. Gilbert & Rivington. London, England. Griffith, William. 1838. Visit to the Mishmee Hills in Assam. The Asiatic Jrnl. and Monthly Register. 25:233-244. Griffith, William. 1847. Notulae ad plantas Asiaticus. Bishop's College Press. Calcutta, India. Griffith, William. 1810-1845. Biography, pictorial works, records and correspondence of William Griffith. WorldCat Identities. Dublin, Ohio. Griffith, William & John McClelland, John. 1847. Journals of travels in Assam, Burma, Bootan, Affghanistan [sic] and the neighbouring countries. Bishop's College Press. Calcutta, India. Kew. 2018. About Nathaniel Wallich. Kew Botanical Gardens. Kew, United Kingdom. Keeble, Frederick. 1913. John Lindley (1799 - 1865). in Oliver, F.W. (ed.) Makers of British botany; a collection of biographies by living botanists. Cambridge University Press. London, England. pp. 164-177 of 332. Lang, W.H. 1913. William Griffith (1810 - 1845). in Oliver, F.W. (ed.) Makers of British botany; a collection of biographies by living botanists. Cambridge University Press. London, England. pp. 178-191 of 332. Lindley, John. 1832. An introduction to botany. A. & R. Spottiswoode. London, England. 557 pp. Stewart, R.R. 1982. History and exploration of plants in Pakistan and adjoining areas. in Nasir, E. & S.I. Ali. (eds.) Flora of Pakistan. 186 pp. Ukers, William H. 1935. All about tea. Vol. 1. The Tea and Coffee Trade Journal Company. New York City, New York. pp. 137-140 of 559. Wallich, Nathaniel. 1832. Plantae Asiaticae Rariores. Vol. III. Treuttel & Wurtz. London, England. Grosvenor, Joseph Williston (1837-1929)
Joseph Williston Grosvenor was born the year after his brother, Frank, in South Brookfield, Massachusetts on July 26, 1837 to Joseph W. Grosvenor Sr. and his wife, Mary Bacon Hancock Grosvenor (Ancestry.com 2021, Meyer 2010). Joseph Grosvenor Junior's education began in the local public schools and continued at Leicester Academy (Leicester, Massachusetts). He graduated from the Barre High School (Barre, Massachusetts) in 1855 and enrolled at Dartmouth College, from where he graduated in 1859 with an A.B. (Chapman 1867, Eckel 2014). Following graduation, Grosvenor accepted a position teaching math and science in the Lockport Union School (Niagara County, New York), but only stayed there for one year. He moved on to Buffalo, New York and taught the classics (Latin and Greek) for a year in Buffalo's Central High School (Chapman 1867, Clark 1930, Eckel 2014, White 1898). It appears that Grosvenor began studying medicine, perhaps at the University of Buffalo Medical Department, when he was still teaching high school in Buffalo (Eckel 2014, White 1898). Though he had little formal medical training, Grosvenor successfully enlisted in the United States Union Army as an assistant surgeon in 1862 — perhaps owing to his degree from Dartmouth and a likely sound background in botany, which translated into competence in the preparation of plant-based medicines. During his tenure with the 11th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery, Joseph achieved the rank of First Lieutenant (Eckel 2014, White 1898). Grosvenor was stationed at the Fort Pulaski Union Army base on Cockspur Island, Georgia at the mouth of the Savannah River. The fort was originally a Confederate installation that controlled traffic to Savannah via the river channel, but in April of 1862 the Confederate installation surrendered to the Union Army after a withering bombardment by the Union's new "rifled" artillery stationed on Tybee Island adjacent to Cockspur Island. This capture strengthened the Union Navy's blockade of coastal sea traffic and prevented movement of goods to Savannah (Chapman 1867, Lattimore 1961, Robbins 2006). Again, though Grosvenor began studying medicine when he was teaching high school (Eckel 2014), his formal medical education did not continue until after he mustered out of the Union Army in April of 1865. Following his discharge, Grosvenor enrolled in the New York University Medical College and he earned his M.D. in 1866. Dr. Grosvenor maintained a private practice in Providence, Rhode Island for two years and then moved his practice to Lockport, New York, where he remained until 1884. After closing the Lockport practice, he shifted his office to Buffalo, New York (Niermeyer & Mierka 2001, White 1898). Dr. Grosvenor was active in the Presbyterian church, the American Academy of Medicine, and the temperance movement. He was a member of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, the Buffalo Academy of Medicine, and a number of other professional and community organizations (White 1898). He perished at the age of 92 and was buried in Lockport, New York (Meyer 2010). Dr. Grosvenor's botanical aspirations and activities were not well publicized, but snippets of his interests may be gleaned from various sources. The Buffalo Society of Natural Science was established in 1861 and its first president was George W. Clinton (Buffalo Museum of Science 2015). Grosvenor was teaching in Buffalo prior to his Army enlistment and it is conceivable that he became acquainted with the Society, G.W. Clinton, and Clinton's fondness for botany at that time. Though purely conjecture, this hypothesis is supported in that, while stationed at Fort Pulaski, Grosvenor pursued his interest in botany to some degree and shared his findings with Clinton. A letter dated June 8, 1865 to George W. Clinton in Buffalo, NY states, "I have just finished preparing for you a bundle of plants wh. I collected while in the Dept. of the South. Shall I forward them to you by Express (Eckel 2015)?" According to Denison (1879) "Our Assistant Surgeon, J. W. Grosvenor, now surgeon of the postal Fort Pulaski, was withal a botanist, and made a very creditable collection in this science, and opened a correspondence on the matter with Dr. Asa Gray, the botanist, of Cambridge, Mass." Another officer at Fort Pulaski wrote the following about Grosvenor, "He has piles of his pet herbs, roots, leaves, blooms, branches, and fruits, sandwiched up with newspapers, in stacks on the floor of his quarters, with heavy chips of Massachusetts granite (no indigenous granite in Georgia), to press them down. He calls this cabinet an herbarium, or some other big word; ... (Eckel 2014)." After the war Dr. Grosvenor continued to be involved in botanical pursuits, some of which are documented by Eckel (2014). Eight of Grosvenor's collections (three from Tybee Island) are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Additional Grosvenor specimens may be viewed via the iDigBio database and/or the SEINet database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Joseph Williston Grosvenor Jr. Dr. Lt. DayBebb Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Buffalo Museum of Science. 2015. History. Buffalo, New York. Chapman, George T. 1867. Sketches of the Alumni of Dartmouth College: From the first graduation in 1771 to the present time, with a brief history of the institution. Riverside Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 442 of 520. Clark, Eugene Francis. (ed.) 1930. Necrology: Class of 1859. Dartmouth Alumni Magazine. March 1930. p. 348. Denison, Frederic. 1879. Shot and shell: the Third Rhode Island heavy artillery regiment in the rebellion, 1861-1865. Publisher: Providence. pp. 220-224 of 368. Eckel, P.M. 2014. Correspondence of Joseph Williston Grosvenor and G. W. Clinton. Res. Botanica. Buffalo Museum of Science and Missouri Botanical Garden. Lattimore, Ralston B. 1961. Battle for Fort Pulaski. Fort Pulaski NM Historical Handbook, No. 18. Meyer, Phyllis. 2010. Dr. Joseph W. Grosvenor. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Niermeyer, Douglas R. (compiler) & Gregg A. Mierka. (ed.). 2001. Officers of Federal Rhode Island Volunteers. Rhode Island Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. Robbins, Peggy. 2006. Capturing Fort Pulaski During the American Civil War. HistoryNet. Tysons, Virginia. White, Truman C. (ed.) 1898. Our County and its people A descriptive work on Erie County, New York. Boston History Company. Boston, Massachusetts. Vol. 2. pp. 474-475 of 617. Guldner, Ludwig F. (1881-1974)
Ludwig F. Guldner, the son of Philip and Emilie Guldner, was a native of Davenport, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2021). Ludwig graduated from Davenport High School in 1897 (Labath 2012) and continued his education at the State University of Iowa, where he earned his medical degree in 1902 (Fryxell et al. 1957, State University of Iowa 1904). Following graduation, Dr. Guldner travelled to Vienna, Austria, where he completed two years of graduate work and subsequently returned to Davenport to establish his medical practice (Anonymous n.d.). Guldner's medical practice in Davenport began in 1903 (Kilmer 1974) and by 1912 he'd established the pathology department in Davenport's Mercy Hospital — an affiliation he maintained for a number of years. Guldner accepted the directorship of the hospital's pathology laboratory in 1932 and retained the position until his retirement four years later in 1936 (Anonymous n.d.). He also functioned as the coroner for Scott County, Iowa (Peck 1980). Guldner's introduction to the Materia Medica at the State University of Iowa piqued his interest in botany. To quote him, "In those days most drugs had vegetable origins. In the study of the materials used in medicines, many botanical terms were used. I surmised we must have some of these plants in our neighborhood. So I began to collect and study the plant specimens" (Nauman 1961). And so began Dr. Guldner's studies of the flora of Davenport area, an interest that led to his de facto position as herbarium curator at the Davenport Public Museum and ultimately to the publication of "The Vascular Plants of Scott & Muscatine Counties" (Guldner 1960). During his tenure at the Davenport Public Museum, Dr. Guldner mentored at least two scientists-to-be. James and Stewart Peck grew up in Davenport and by some quirk of fate started working at the Museum. Guldner took each young man under his wing and taught them about the natural history of the Davenport area as they worked with him on field trips and in the museum proper. Both men went on to earn the Ph.D. in biological fields and have expressed their appreciation of the efforts made by Dr. Guldner in their behalf (Peck 1980, pers. comm. Stewart Peck). Beyond botany, Guldner was a painter of local landscapes, a student of French literature, and a native areas preservationist (Kilmer 1974, Leysen 1931, Wilson 1956). In November of 1916 Ludwig and Bertha Rogers were married in Davenport, but the couple remained childless. Bertha perished in 1959, so when Ludwig died in 1974 there were no heirs. Guldner left some of his assets to a few friends and associates, but he bequeathed the bulk of his estate to St. Ambrose College, Grinnell College, and various charitable causes (Ancestry.com 2021, Scott 2016 a&b, Willard 1976). In the neighborhood of 4400 plant specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium bear Guldner's name as collector or co-collector. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Ludwig F. Guldner. Zimmerman-Leslie-Lewis-Guldner Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. n.d. Dr. Ludwig F. Guldner. Biography. Putnam Museum and Science Center document archive. Fryxell, F.M., Alberta Kirby, L.H. Kornder, Thomas J. Morrissey, Rev. Carl S. Rice, & Lawrence Roys. (eds.). 1957. Dr. Guldner and Botany. Museum Quarterly. Davenport Public Museum. 2:1. Guldner, Ludwig F. 1960. The Vascular Plants of Scott & Muscatine Counties. Davenport Public Museum, Davenport, IA. 228 pp. Kilmer, Forrest. (ed.) 1974. Dr. Guldner 93; medic, botanist. Davenport Times-Democrat. Davenport, Iowa April 18, 1974. p. 22. columns 1 & 2. Labath, Cathy (coordinator). 2012. Scott County: Iowa School Records. IAGenWeb Project. Davenport High School Class Listings. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1931. Pictures will be exhibited Friday by artists' group. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. December 31, 1931. p. 12. column 3. Nauman, Art. 1961. Davenport physician's botany book acclaimed. Davenport Times-Democrat. May 21, 1961. p. 3A. columns 1, 2, & 3. Peck, J.H. 1980. Life history and reproductive biology of the ferns of Woodman Hollow, Webster County, Iowa. Ph.D. dissertation, Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Scott, D.M. 2016a. Bertha Harriet Rogers Guldner. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Scott, D.M. 2016b. Ludwig Frederick Guldner. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. State University of Iowa. 1904. The alumni register of the State University of Iowa. Published by the University. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 212 of 284. Willard, John. 1976. Physician, botanist - And humanitarian. Davenport Times-Democrat. January 25, 1976. pp. 1A & 2A. Wilson, Nancy. 1956. Museum features pastels of Davenport physician. Davenport Times-Democrat. August 31, 1956. Mary Parry was born in December of 1826 in Cinnaminson, New Jersey — one of John and Lititia Parry's five children. She married fellow New Jersey native Joshua W. Haines in 1852 and by 1870 the couple had moved to the vicinity of Richmond, Indiana, where they raised four children (Ancestry.com 2021, columbiagypsy 2010). For a period of time, Joshua was a teacher at Wayne County, Indiana's Dublin Academy (Flowers 1941, Fox 1912). If the J.W. Haines in Holloway & Davis (1852), is the same Joshua referred to here, he was an agent for the Trenton Mutual Life and Fire Insurance Company, but by 1859 Joshua was operating a successful dry goods store in Richmond (Flowers 1941, Holloway & Davis 1859). Mary was an accomplished botanist and made plant-oriented presentations to various horticultural societies in Indiana (Evening Item 1882 a&b, Siler 1882). But she was best known for her fossil collections and was named the curator of the paleontological collection in the museum of the Scientific Association of Richmond, Indiana, when it was incorporated in 1875 (Davis 1878, Dougan 1875, Inter-State Publishing 1884). A tally of her personal natural history repository in 1879 included over 5100 specimens, comprised of 1628 fossils, 1016 minerals and many shells, corals, and plants. As an accomplished botanist, she was recognized for a collection of noteworthy botanical specimens from Indiana (Cox 1879, Holloway & Davis 1875, Inter-State Publishing 1884). Ms. Haines assembled a group of bryophyte/lichen specimens from the Richmond area and judging from the collection dates present on her specimens listed in the iDigBio and SEINet databases, she did most of her collecting during the 1870s. According to Flowers (1941), Haines' overall bryophyte/lichen herbarium (composed of her own specimens and others she obtained via exchange) bore collection dates from 1820 to 1879. During her lifetime, Mary published scholarly works on bryophytes, geology, and ferns (Haines 1876, 1878, 1879, 1882). Mary Haines was a communicant of William H. Pratt, curator at the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, and was elected a corresponding member of the Academy in 1874. Over time, Ms. Haines donated fossils, geological specimens, shells, beads, and other artifacts to the Davenport Academy (Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences 1867-1884, Pratt 1867 & 1874), so it is not surprising that a collection of 83 mosses, lichens, and liverworts collected by Ms. Haines in Wayne County, Indiana is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Other specimens collected by Ms. Haines may be reviewed via the iDigBio specimen database and the Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Mary Parry. Dorsey Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. columbiagypsy. 2010. Mary Haines. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Cox, E.T. 1879. Wayne County. 8th, 9th, & 10th Annual Reports Geol. Surv. of Indiana. pp. 171-239 of 541. Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. 1867-1884. Record of Proceedings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. Vols. 1-4. Davis, B.W. (publisher) 1878. Scientific Association. The Richmond Palladium. Richmond, Indiana. p. 2. column 2. May 26, 1875. Dougan, D.H. (recording sec'y). 1875. First annual report of the Transactions of the Scientific Association of Richmond, Ind. Transactions of the Scientific Association of Richmond, Ind. 1:12. April 21, 1875. Evening Item. 1882a. Horticural [sic] Meeting. The Evening Item. Richmond, Indiana. p. 2. columns 2 & 3. May 15, 1882. Evening Item. 1882b. The Horticulturists. The Evening Item. Richmond, Indiana. p. 3. column 2. October 16, 1882. Flowers, Seville. 1941. Mary Parry Haines, 1826-1884. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 51:78-82. Fox, Henry Clay. (ed.) 1912. Memoirs of Wayne County and the city of Richmond, Indiana. Western Historical Assn. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 421 of 549. Haines, Mary P. 1876. Mosses and their uses. Trans. Indiana Hort. Soc. 16:68-72. Haines, Mary P. 1878. The origin of rocks. Trans. Indiana Hort. Soc. 17:57-61. Haines, Mary P. 1879. List of the ferns, mosses, hepaticae, and lichens collected in Wayne County, Indiana. Annual Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana 1876-1878. 8:235-239. Haines, Mary P. 1882. Ferns. Trans. Indiana Hort. Soc. 22:69-73. Holloway & Davis. (publ.) 1852. Are you insured? The Richmond Palladium. Richmond, Indiana. p. 3. column 4. January 21, 1852. Holloway & Davis. (publ.) 1859. Sing of the red curtain. The Richmond Palladium. Richmond, Indiana. p. 3. column 3. March 17, 1859. Holloway & Davis. (publ.) 1875. Scientific Association. The Richmond Palladium. Richmond, Indiana. p. 3. column 3. May 26, 1875. Inter-State Publishing. 1884. History of Wayne County, Indiana. Vol. I. Inter-State Publishing Co. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 395 & 621 of 736. Pratt, W.H. (sec'y). 1867 & 1874. Record of Proceedings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 1:60, 62, 224. Siler, John C. (publisher) 1882. Programme of Indiana Horticultural Society. The Muncie Daily Times. p. 3. column 4. November 29, 1882. Josiah Hale was born in Franklin County, Virginia in about 1791 (exact date unknown), reportedly near a town called Richmond (not the capital, but a community which has since vanished) on the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains. When in his teens, Hale moved with his family to Harrodsburg, Kentucky (in present day Mercer County) a few miles west of the Kentucky River. No description of his education in Harrodsburg has been located, but it's probably safe to assume his schooling was spartan, because the rudiments of public education were just developing in that pioneer community (Stephenson 1910). Even so, Transylvania College (Lexington, Kentucky) records show that Josiah Hale from Monticello, Mississippi was a medical student during the years 1821-1822 and wrote his M.D. thesis on the parasite Ascaris lumbricoides (Hale 1822, Special Collections & Archives 2016). While there he studied under Constantine Rafinesque, who is credited with inspiring Hale's interest in botany. Hale earned the M.D. in March of 1822 (Bradburn & Darwin 2007, Ewan 1977, JSTOR 2013). Dr. Hale initially set up a medical practice in Port Gibson, Mississippi, where he also studied the local flora. He evidently tended to patients there until sometime in 1823, when he took a two-year leave of absence due to ill health. During the forced furlough he recuperated and botanized Louisiana. In 1825 Hale took up residence on the plantation of Josiah Johnson located about 20 miles from Alexandria on the Red River in Louisiana. He collected the local flora during his residence there and moved to Alexandria proper in 1828 (Ewan 1977 & 2005, JSTOR 2013). Hale's medical practice was lucrative enough to generate an annual income in the neighborhood of $9000 to $10,000 (Ewan 2005), which translates to earnings in excess of $200,000/year in today's economy. Those earnings allowed Hale to retire in 1834, at which time he invested in a number of local businesses and focused his efforts exclusively on botany. In 1838 he married the widow Martha Crain and life was good until 1845, when his investments tanked and forced him to take a clerking position in the District Court of Alexandria. In 1849 Dr. Hale re-established his medical practice and the following year he moved down-river to New Orleans (Ewan 1977 & 2005, JSTOR 2013, McCormick 2011). During his time in New Orleans, Hale published a "Report on the Medical Botany of the State of Louisiana" in the New Orleans Medical & Surgical Journal, which was a "catalog of indiginous [sic], naturalized, and a portion of the cultivated plants growing in this State, that have been employed in medicine, together with some observations on their medical properties" (Hale 1852-1853). In April 1853, Hale and John L. Riddell spearheaded a 27-member group which founded the New Orleans Academy of Sciences, with Josiah Hale being elected the first president. Hale maintained his medical practice in New Orleans, until 1855 when he moved it to Canton, Mississippi. Hale fell prey to heart disease soon after arriving in Canton and returned to New Orleans in 1856 for improved medical care, but perished in July of that year (Ewan 1977, Ewan 2005, JSTOR 2013). May 27, 1853. Twenty-six-year-old James McGuigan was admitted to New Orleans' Charity Hospital after telling attending physicians he had been ill for four days. Within hours he was delirious, later he began disgorging blood-laden vomit, and by six a.m. the following morning he was dead. McGuigan's was the first death recorded in New Orleans' 1853 yellow fever epidemic (Faherty 2017, Vest 2019). Two organizations, Charity Hospital and the Howard Association, stepped forward to provide care for New Orleanians who could not afford proper medical treatment. The Howard Association was a nonsectarian group comprised of men interested in providing relief to the poor and indigent (Hildreth 1979, Iker 2012). That led Dr. Hale and other medical workers to perform perhaps one of life's most selfless acts. Charity Hospital was established in 1736 to serve New Orleans' poor (Wikipedia 2021) and Josiah Hale was among the doctors and nuns affiliated with the hospital that labored to save lives of the many people stricken during the 1853 outbreak. From at least June through September, "Dr. Josiah Hale, Girod, near St. Charles St." was recognized by the Howard Association as a practicing physician who "kindly offered [his] services in attending patients under the charge of the Association (e.g. Ricardo 1853a&b)." It seems reasonable to assume Dr. Hale's earlier experiences with the disease in Alexandria, Louisiana (Hale 1831) made him a particularly respected member of the medical staff. From May, through the warm months, until the year's first killing frost, which finally destroyed the virus spreading mosquito vector (Aedes aegypti), approximately 8000 (or ˜5.5%) of New Orleans' 145,000 citizens perished due to yellow fever (Faherty 2017, Iker 2012, Vest 2019). [In reality many Dr. Hale's experiences from the Alexandria yellow fever outbreak were more harmful than helpful. It seems he consistently treated sick patients with bloodletting (one to three sessions), emetics, laxatives, and other remedies (Hale 1831).] Though Hale published little during his career (see Hale 1831 & 1852-1853), he did send many sets of his field collections to prominent botanists like Elias Durand (Philadelphia), John Torrey (Columbia University, New York), and Asa Gray (Harvard University, Cambridge) (Ewan 1977). The specimens Hale sent Torrey and Gray are frequently cited by them in "A Flora of North America" (Torrey & Gray 1838-1840). Riddell (1852) acknowledged Dr. Josiah Hale's Cyperaceae and Poaceae contributions to "Catalogous florae Ludovicianae". Though Hale must have collected 1000s of specimens, only a few dozen from Louisiana are currently available via the iDigBio database and a few more may be reviewed at SEINet database. Two dicot specimens collected by Josiah Hale are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Bigelowia nudata DC. was collected in Alexandria, Louisiana and the second, Cerastium nutans Raf., is of uncertain provenance. .......... Bradburn, A.S. & S.P. Darwin. 2007. A brief history of the Tulane University herbarium. Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Tulane University. New Orleans, Louisiana. Ewan, Joseph. 1977. Josiah Hale, M.D., Louisiana botanist, Rafinesque's pupil. Jrnl. Soc. Biblio. Nat. Hist. 8:235-243. Ewan, Joseph. 2005. Notes on Louisiana botany and botanists. SIDA 21:2275-2296. Faherty, Anna. 2017. The stranger who started an epidemic. Wellcome Collection. London, United Kingdom. Hale, Josiah. 1822. An Inaugural Thesis on Ascaris Lumbricoides. Medical Thesis. Transylvania University. 16 pp. Hale, Josiah. 1831. Observations on the fever which prevailed at Alexandria, Louisiana, in August of 1830. Transylvania Jrnl. Med. and Assoc. Sci. 4:129-145. Hale, Josiah. 1852-1853. Report on the medical botany of the State of Louisiana. New Orleans Med. and Surg. Jrnl. 9:152-173 & 287-313. Hildreth, Peggy Bassett. 1979. Early Red Cross: The Howard Association of New Orleans, 1837-1878. Louisiana History: Jrnl. Louisiana Historical Assoc. 20(1):49-75. Iker, Molly. 2012. Hard Times in the Big Easy: The Medical, Social, and Political Effects of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1853 in New Orleans. Voces Novae. 4:117-144. JSTOR. 2013. Hale, Josiah (c. 1791-1856). Global Plants. McCormick, Carol Ann. 2011. Josiah Hale (1791? - 1856). Collectors of the UNC Herbarium. Univ. of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Ricardo, D.I. 1853a. Howard Association. Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Louisiana. p. 2. column 7. July 26, 1853. Ricardo, D.I. 1853b. Howard Association. Times-Picayune. New Orleans. Louisiana. p. 2. column 7. September 23, 1853. Riddell, J.L. 1852. Catalogous florae Ludovicianae. New Orleans Med. and Surg. Jrnl. 8:95, 744-764. Special Collections & Archives. 2016. 19th Century Medical Theses: H-I. Transylvania University Library. Transylvania University. Lexington, Kentucky. Stephenson, Martha. 1910. Education in Herrodsburg and neighborhood since 1775. Register Kentucky State Hist. Soc. Vol. 8, Chap. I, pp. 35-42 & Vol. 9, Chap. 2, pp 31-42. Torrey, John & Asa Gray. 1838-1840. A Flora of North America. Volume 1. Wiley & Putnam. New York. 711 pp. Vest, Katherine. 2019. La Fièvre Jaune: An Exhibition Plan on St. Patrick's Cemetery, Irish Immigrants, and the Role of the Catholic Church During the 1853 Yellow Fever Epidemic in New Orleans. Univ. of New Orleans. Theses and Dissertations. New Orleans, Louisiana. Wikipedia. 2021. Charity Hospital (New Orleans). Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. San Francisco, California. Elihu Hall a son of Fleming and Susannah Hall was born in June of 1822 in Patrick County, Virginia (Ancestry.com 2023, Jones & Fuller 1955, Marge 2008, Miller 1905). The Hall family moved to a farm in what is now Menard County, Illinois when Elihu was seven (Baskin 1879). They built a log home it what eventually became the town of Athens in an area that had been surveyed by president-to-be Abraham Lincoln (Miller 1905). Elihu benefited from little, if any, formal education, but via his own initiative he acquired the basics of reading, writing, and land surveying (Schwegman 2012). As a boy in rural and lightly populated Illinois, Elihu became interested in the birds, bugs, and plants that inhabited the landscape. By virtue of his particular interest in plants, coupled with his sketches, collections, correspondence, and acquired botany texts, Hall became an authority on the local flora (Milligan 1884, Schwegman 2012). Elihu's understanding of mathematics, together with the surveying skills he'd obtained, earned him the position of Menard County Surveyor (Milligan 1884, Schwegman 2012). His county surveyor's salary, coupled with what he earned from farming, provided sufficient funding for Elihu's botanical pursuits. Unfortunately, a near fatal lung hemorrhage that befell Elihu in the winter of 1846, left him in a weakened condition that appears to have led to tuberculosis (Kibbe 1953, Meehan 1882, Schwegman 2012). The U.S. Federal Census of 1850 lists Elihu's occupation as that of teacher. Subsequent censuses (1860, 1870, 1880) that he was making a living as a farmer (Ancestry.com 2023). Hall remained a bachelor until he was 49, so with only the responsibilities of his occupation and none that were required by a family, he dedicated much of his spouseless life studying plants. He collected the flora of central Illinois extensively, but also completed many field trips outside the state. Collections of his are recorded from Arkansas, Colorado, Michigan, Oregon, and Texas to Illinois, as well as states between (iDigBio, Milligan 1884, Schwegman 2012). It appears that sometime in the 1850s, Hall realized there was money to be made by selling sets of plants collected in regions of the United States that had been poorly botanized. (Ironically, he is quoted by Alice Kibbe (1953) as having said he "could make more money raising 'taters' than in drying plants.") Evidently, he'd plan a trip and then assemble a syndicate of botanists who were willing to pay for the sets of herbarium specimens (Meehan 1882, Schwegman 2012). Elihu Hall's first extensive foray west occurred in 1862, when he and his cousin, Jared P. Harbour (1831-1917), accompanied Dr. Charles C. Parry (from Davenport, Iowa) to the Colorado Territory. Their stockpile of specimens from the state included 695 species listed in Asa Gray's summary of the plants amassed on that field trip (Gloss & Whitfeld 2018, Gray 1863). A quick scan of herbarium specimens in the iDigBio database collected during that trip, reveals that many of the herbarium labels unfortunately bear vague localities like "Rocky Mountains" or "Latitude 39°-41°" or "Rocky Mountain Flora, Lat 39°-41°". Elihu Hall's other long-distance field trips were to Oregon in 1871 and Texas in 1872 (Schwegman 2012), specimens from which may be reviewed via the iDigBio and/or SEINet database. Elihu Hall's publication record is quite brief and, not surprisingly, the papers dealt with his fieldwork. One focused on the flora of eastern Kansas (Hall 1870), another described his collections in eastern Texas (Hall 1873), and a pair of papers were a checklist of woody plants found in Oregon (Hall 1877a&b). Finally, Elihu co-authored a checklist of Illinois' lichens, liverworts, and mosses (Wolf & Hall 1878). Though Hall continued to collect plants until his death from tuberculosis in 1882, he completed most of his work prior to 1873. In total he assembled a personal herbarium of some 15,000 specimens during his life and most of those ended up in the Illinois Natural History Survey's collection (Baskin 1879, Schneider 2016, Schwegman 2012). Thirty-four herbarium specimens collected by E. Hall or Hall & Harbour during the 1860s are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Most of the specimens were collected in Illinois, but a few bear the label header "Rocky Mt. Flora. Lat 40 degrees" and are from that field trip of 1862 with C.C. Parry. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Elihu Hall. Stephen Dargitz Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Baskin, O.L. 1879. The history of Menard and Mason Counties, Illinois. O.L. Baskin and Co., Historical Publishers. Chicago, Illinois. p. 721 of 872. Gloss, Lance J. & Timothy J. S. Whitfeld. 2018. Augustus Fendler Herbarium Specimens: A Locality Improvement Project. A component of the Southern Rocky Mountain Flora Database Project. Brown University Herbarium. Providence, Rhode Island. Gray, Asa. 1863. Enumeration of the species of plants collected by Dr. C.C. Parry and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J.P. Harbour during the summer and autumn of 1862 on and near the Rocky Mountains in Colorado Territory, lat. 39° - 41°. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. pp. 55-80. Hall, Elihu. 1870. Notes on some features of the flora of eastern Kansas. Amer. Jrnl. Science and Arts. Series 2. 50:29-34. Hall, Elihu. 1873. Plantae Texanae: a list of the plants collected in eastern Texas in 1872 and distributed to subscribers. Salem Press, Salem. 29pp. Hall, Elihu. 1877a. Notes on the arboreous, aborescent, and suffruticose flora of Oregon. Bot. Gazette 2(5):85-89. Hall, Elihu. 1877b. Notes on the arboreous, aborescent, and suffruticose flora of Oregon (concluded). Bot. Gazette 2(6):93-95. Jones, George Neville & George Damon Fuller. 1955. Principal collectors of vascular plants in Illinois. in Vascular plants of Illinois. Volume 6. University of Illinois Press. Urbana, Illinois. p. 530 of 593. Kibbe, Alice L. 1953. Afield with plant lovers and collectors. Carthage College. Carthage, Illinois. pp. 301-320 of 565. Marge. 2008. Elihu Hall. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Meehan, Thomas. (ed.) 1882. Obituary - Elihu Hall. The gardener's monthly and horticulturist. 24:350. Miller, R.D. 1905. Past and Present of Menard County, Illinois. S.J. Clarke Publ. Co. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 419-420 of 552. Milligan, J. M. 1884. Elihu Hall. Bot. Gazette 9:59-62 Schneider, A. 2016. Biographies of scientists and explorers. in Wildflowers, ferns, & trees of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, & Utah (here). Schwegman, John E. 2012. https://illinoisplants.org/images/pub/Erigenia_No_25_Spring2012.pdf. Erigenia 25:3-7. Wolf, John & Elihu Hall. 1878. A list of the mosses, liverworts, and lichens of Illinois. Bull. Illinois State Laboratory of Nat. History. 1(2):18-35. Even in his youth Fred T. Hall, a native of Crawfordsville, Indiana, showed signs of becoming a dedicated naturalist, as he was a teenage devotee of the study and collection of lepidopterans (Rising 2015). Fred was awarded a scholarship to study biology at Wabash College (in Crawfordsville), from where he earned a bachelor's degree in 1936. Following his graduation from Wabash, Hall went to work for Ward's Natural Science (an educational supply house) in Rochester, New York. During part of his employment, Mr. Hall took charge of Ward's Biological and Anatomical Model department and he taught an ornithology class at the Rochester Science Museum. Mr. Hall had two employment stints with Ward's (1939-1940 and 1946-1948) and during the World War II interim, he served in an Army anti-aircraft artillery unit on the island of Bermuda (Anonymous 1969, Rising 2015, Sutton 1951). Hall left the employ of Ward's to become the director of the Davenport Public Museum (1949 to 1951) and he subsequently returned to the state of New York as the director of the Buffalo Museum of Science (Anonymous 1969, Rising 2015). Beyond his interest in natural science, Hall studied art for a time in Rochester, New York at the Rochester Institute of Technology and became an accomplished filmmaker and painter (Anonymous 1969, Hall 1965). Fred's bird paintings were shown in many ornithological art exhibits (Sutton 1951) and he illustrated various biological charts, pamphlets, and textbooks (Anonymous 1969). He wrote and lectured on a number of science topics (Hall 1935, Lyon & Hall 1937), but his greatest interest was in ornithology. In fact, Fred was a thread in the fabric of the remarkable recovery of the nocturnal, ground-nesting Bermuda Petrel (aka Cahow). By some accounts, when Bermuda was discovered in the early 1500s the Cahow population numbered in the 100s of thousands, perhaps millions. The eerie call of the nocturnal flier made superstitious early Spanish sailors shun the island, fearing it was inhabited by demons. But by the early 1600s, explorers, shipwrecked mariners, and colonizers had dispelled the notion that Bermuda was bedeviled and they exploited the unwary birds as a great source of food. Ultimately, predation by cats, rats, pigs, and people led to the extirpation of the Cahow and it was assumed to be extinct after about 1620 (Murphy & Mowbray 1951, Verrill 1902, Zimmerman 1973). In 1906 Louis L. Mowbray captured a Cahow on Bermuda, but misidentified it and the bird continued to be thought extinct. In June of 1935 the notion that the bird was extinct was weakened, when a young female petrel struck Bermuda's St. David's Lighthouse and that bird came into the possession of William Beebe, who sent the specimen on to the American Museum of Natural Science, where it was identified as a Cahow (Mowbray 1951, Murphy & Mowbray 1951, Zimmerman 1973). Enter Fred T. Hall and World War II. After completing officer training, Capt. Fred T. Hall was stationed on the archipelago of Bermuda (Rising 2015) and Louis Mowbray suggested that Fred might explore some of Bermuda's islets in search of the "extinct" Cahow (Mowbray 1951). In March 1945 Lt. Sam Ristich (a former biology teacher) brought Fred the body of a bird he'd found on the shore of Cooper's Island. Fred, with Mowbray's suggestion and the stories of the "extinct" cahow in mind, compared his measurements of the deceased bird with others from old records. Fred was convinced the "extinct" bird was in fact extant (Gerhman 2012, Gibson 1950). He enlisted [pun intended] Ristich's help and that of assistant director of the Bermuda Biological Station, Dr. Hilary B. Moore. During their investigation the trio saw live avians at night, but were able to collect only the carcasses of five birds that had been killed in their nests by rats. That was enough to allow them to confirm that the Cahow was surviving in Bermuda (Gerhman 2012, Gibson 1950). It was Fred T. Hall's discovery in 1945 that led Murphy and Mowbray (1951) to begin a renewed search for breeding populations of Pterodroma cahow in Bermuda. Indirectly, Fred's work also influenced Dr. David Wingate and his research to conserve Bermuda's Cahow by reestablishing the original Bermudan ecology on Nonsuch Island and creating the Nonsuch Island Nature Reserve (Fitzpatrick 2019, Gerhman 2012, Murphy & Mowbray 1951, Rising 2015). Today "the Cahow Recovery Project is a long-term management, research and recovery programme aimed at reducing threats to the National Bird of Bermuda, the Cahow or Bermuda petrel (Pterodroma cahow). It also aims to promote the recovery of this endemic species, which is now one of the rarest seabirds on Earth and is completely unique to the island (Government of Bermuda 2021)." The improving population status of the Cahow (Pterodroma cahow) is best summarized by BirdLife International (2021) as follows. "Pterodroma cahow once bred abundantly throughout Bermuda (to UK). It was thought extinct for almost three centuries, until reported (with specimens) during the first half of the 20th century. In 1951, 18 pairs were rediscovered breeding on suboptimal rocky islets (total area 1 ha) in Castle Harbour. Intensive management has resulted in slow but steady increases, and the population was estimated at 250 birds in 2005 (J. Madeiros in litt. 2005), with 70 pairs fledging a record 40 young in 2003 (Madeiros 2003), and 71 pairs fledging 35 young in 2005 (J. Madeiros in litt. 2005). More recently, 40 young fledged in 2008 from 85 established active nest sites and at least 35 chicks hatched in 2009 (Madeiros unpubl. data). By 2011, the population reached 98 nesting pairs (Madeiros 2011)." The preceding is a very brief overview of an interesting story, more detailed descriptions of the Cahow's recovery and its life history have been presented by Brinkley & Sutherland (2020), Gerhman (2012), Verrill (1902), and Zimmerman (1973). Return of the Ghost Bird (Bermuda Environmental Alliance 2010) is a recommended 6-minute video that quickly summarizes the history and recovery of the Bermuda Cahow on Nonsuch Island, Bermuda. Following his military tour of duty, Fred was active in the Wilson Ornithological Society (Hall 1958, Wilson Ornithological Society 2012) and the Federation of the New York State Bird Clubs (Rising 1958). In 1975 the Buffalo Audubon Society (Buffalo, New York) celebrated his contributions to the field of ornithology, when it named the newly constructed nature center at Beaver Meadow Audubon Center, the Fred T. Hall Nature Center (Smith 2015). Two dicot specimens (Linum lewisii and Malvastrum coccineum) from Nebraska collected by Hall in 1950 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. .......... Anonymous. 1969. F. Hall, Once Museum Director, Dies at 55. Davenport Times Democrat. January 12, 1969. p. 6b. columns 1&2. BirdLife International. 2021. Species factsheet: Pterodroma cahow. Cambridge, United Kingdom. Brinkley, Edward S. & Kate Sutherland. 2020. Bermuda Petrel (Pterodroma cahow). Neotropical Birds Online (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Ithaca, New York. Fitzpatrick, John. 2019. View from Sapsucker Woods: The comeback story of the Bermuda Petrel. All About Birds. The Cornell Lab. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Gerhman, Elizabeth. 2012. Rare birds: The extraordinary tale of the Bermuda Petrel and the man who brought them back from extinction. Beacon Press. Boston, Massachusetts. Gibson, Sarah. 1950. Davenport Public Museum director tell of rediscovery of 'extinct' cahow bird. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 35. columns 5-7. February 28, 1950. Government of Bermuda. 2021. Bermuda's Cahow Recovery Programme. Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Camden, Bermuda. Hall, Fred T. 1935. The occurrence of unusual Rhopalocera in Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 45:273-274. Hall, Fred T. 1958. Proceedings of the thirty-ninth annual meeting of the Wilson Ornithological Society. Wilson Bulletin 70:295-304. Hall, George A. (ed.) 1965. New life member. The Wilson Bull. 77:174. Lyon, Marcus Ward Lyon & Fred T. Hall. 1937. Skull of Musk-Ox, Genus Symbos, from Montgomery County, Indiana. Amer. Midl. Nat. 8:608-611. Madeiros, J. 2003. Report on the 2003 Cahow nesting season - another record year! Bermuda Audubon Society Newsletter 14(2):8-9. Madeiros, J. 2011. Cahow Report. Bermuda Audubon Society Newsletter 22(1):5-6. Mowbray, Lewis. 1951. The Cahow Rediscovered. The Bermudian. April 1951. Murphy, Robert Cushman & Louis S. Mowbray. 1951. New light on the Cahow, Pterodroma cahow. The Auk. 68(3):266-280 Rising, Gerald R. (ed.) 1956. Standing committee chairmen of the Federation of the New York State Bird Clubs. The Kingbird. 6:2. Rising, Gerry. 2015. Celebrating Fred Hall. Buffalo Sunday News. June 14, 2015. Smith, Loren. 2015. Executive director's message. Audubon Outlook. May/June 2015. p. 4. Sutton, George Miksch. (ed.) 1951. Editorial. The Wilson Bull. 63:119-123. Verrill, A.E. 1902. The "Cahow" of the Bermudas, an extinct bird. Annals & Magazine Nat. Hist. 9:26-31. Wilson Ornithological Society. 2012. Secretaries of the WOS. History of the Wilson Ornithological Society. Bermuda Environmental Alliance. 2010. Return of the Ghost Bird. Discovery Channel Canada. Toronto, Ontario. Zimmerman, David R. 1973. The cahow: saved from hog, rat and man. The New York Times. December 2, 1973. Hankenson, Edward L. (1845-1910) Edward L. Hankenson (photo here), the only son of James and Nancy Hankenson, was born in Newark, New York in March of 1845 (Ancestry.com 2017, Mathews 1910). He graduated from the Union School and Academy (Newark High School) and went to work for his father in the men's clothing business. In 1872 Edward became a partner with his father in James W. Hankenson & Son, which was situated on Miller Street in Newark, just a couple of blocks from the Erie Canal. Edward continued in that line of work until he died of influenza in 1910 (Beckwith 1912, Cowles 1895, Mathews 1910, RWicks 2015, Wayne County Directory 1891-1892). Ella Sutphen and Edward were married in 1892; the couple had no children (Mathews 1892 & 1910). At some time during his high school career, Hankenson developed an interest in the flora of the Newark region. He became one of the leading authorities on the plants of Wayne County, New York and his goal was to assemble a herbarium that contained at least one specimen of every taxon present in that area. His botanical pursuits led him to teach a botany class at his alma mater for several years and to become an active member in the botanical section of the Rochester Academy of Science. Hankenson's plant studies led to his correspondence with several prominent botanists like Asa Gray, John Torrey, and Alfonso Wood (Beckwith 1912). E. L. Hankenson's contributions to Alphonso Wood's "Flora of the United States and Canada" were acknowledged by the author and Hankenson was mentioned often as the collector of record for a number of taxa listed in the text (Wood 1877). Mr. Hankenson was similarly featured in several of Peck's "Report of the State Botanist" for the state of New York (Peck 1868-1878, 1893), the work of Mathews & White (1963), and Metcalf & Griscom's (1917) publication on rare plants. When Beckwith & Macauley (1896) published "Plants of Monroe County, New York and adjacent territory" they praised Hankenson by writing "... we are indebted not only for his extensive and valuable list of Wayne county plants, but also for generous donations of specimens, representing the flora of other parts of our country, as well as that of our own immediate neighborhood. Where mention is made of Wayne county it will be understood that Mr. Hankenson is the authority, unless otherwise noted." Hankenson's extensive exchange via correspondence and his personal collections in Monroe and Wayne Counties bordering the southern shore of Lake Ontario allowed him to amass a sizeable herbarium and to donate many specimens from that region and beyond to the Rochester Academy's herbarium (Beckwith 1912). Sixteen plants collected by E.L. Hankenson in the 1860s in Wayne County, New York are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. An additional two or three dozen specimens may be accessed via the iDigBio and the SEINet databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2017. New York, U.S., Death Index, 1852-1956. [database on-line]. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Lehi, Utah. Beckwith, Florence. 1912. Early botanists of Rochester and vicinity and the botanical section. Proc. Rochester Academy Sci. 5:39-58. Beckwith, Florence and Mary E. Macauley. 1896. Plants of Monroe County, New York and adjacent territory. Proc. Rochester Academy Sci. Volume 3. Cowles, George W. (ed.) 1895. Landmarks of Wayne County, New York. Part III - Family sketches. D. Mason & Co., Publ. Syracuse, New York. p. 303 of 321. Mathews, Warren A. & Douglas M. White. 1963. The Cyperaceae of Monroe and adjacent counties, New York. Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 10:69-118. Mathews, W.H. (pres.) 1892. Married: Hankenson-Sutphen. Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. p. 9. column 4. July 22, 1892. Mathews, W.H. (pres.) 1910. Edward L. Hankenson: Death comes to well-known Newark businessman. Democrat and Chronicle. Rochester, New York. p. 3. column 4. March 1, 1910. Metcalf, F.P. and L. Griscom. 1917. Notes on rare New York State plants. Rhodora 19:28-37. Peck, Charles H. 1893. Contributors and their contributions. Annual report of the state botanist of the state of New York. James B. Lyon, state printer. Albany, New York. p. 16 of 42. Peck, Charles H. 1868-1878. Reports of the State Botanist of New York. Extracted from Regent's Reports: 22-31. Albany, New York. p. 53 of 106. RWicks. 2015. Edward L. Hankenson. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Wayne County Directory. 1891-1892. The Wayne County Directory. For 1891-1892. L.P . Waite & Co. Newburgh, New York. p. 97 of 210. Wood, Alphonso. 1877. The American botanist and florist. A. S. Barnes & Co. New York & Chicago. 449 pp. Two plants present in the Putnam Museum herbarium were collected from the "Bud Hansen farm". Whether or not they were actually collected by Mr. Hansen is uncertain, but it appears that Burton D. Hansen is the "Bud" Hansen referred to in those collections. He was born on Christmas Day 1917 in Chicago, Illinois to Anna and Daniel Hansen and had three siblings (Ancestry.com 2022, Taylor 2015). Burton "Bud" Hansen was known to be a knowledgeable amateur archeologist (Mansberger & Coleman 1982) and he was mentioned in four of the five archeological papers listed below (Kramer 1954, Mansberger 2013, Neverett 1998, Robbins 2000). Bud was a member of the Quad-City Archeological Society, the Blackhawk Gem and Mineral Club, and the Rock Island Historical Society (Gantt 2015, J.W. Potter Co. 1955, Moline Dispatch Publishing 1948, Taylor 1991). Mr. Hansen was described as "an expert on local prehistoric and historic archaeology" in the Rock Island area (Neverett 1998). An "Adena spear point" he collected in bottomland soil on the south side of the Rock River in Rock Island County, Illinois was cited in the research of Dr. Leon Kramer (Kramer 1954). Hansen introduced University of Illinois archaeologists to the "Crawford Farm Site" in 1957. That locality (approximately ten miles upstream from the Rock River/Mississippi River confluence) — the site of a Sauk Indian tribe village often referred to as Saukenauk (archaeological site 11RI81) — was estimated to have been occupied by the tribe from about 1780 to about 1810. Zebulon Pike visited the region in 1805 and mentioned a Sauk village "on the Riviere De Roche, about three miles from" its confluence with the Mississippi River. The site was investigated from 1958 through 1961, but excavation was halted, because the place was destroyed for the construction of Interstate 280 (Anderson pers. comm., Mansberger 2013, Pike 1895). Regarding Hansen's archaeological activities, "At an unknown date, human remains representing two individuals were removed by Bud Hansen, a local collector, reportedly from the Saukenauk site (11RI29), Rock Island, Rock Island County, IL. In 1987, the remains were transferred to the Office of State Archaeologist Burial Program from a private collection. ... This notice has been sent to officials of the Sac and Fox Tribe of the Mississippi in Iowa, Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri in Kansas and Nebraska, and the Sac and Fox Nation of Oklahoma." The preceding passage is part of a document assembled by the U.S. Department of the Interior used to determine the manner in which the remains should be repatriated to the tribes of the native people(s) (Robbins 2000). Two specimens of Parthenocissus collected on the Bud Hansen farm (Rock Island County, Illinois) in 1954 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. It's conceivable these specimens found their way to Davenport, because Hansen's interest in artifacts of human history brought him to work with the archaeological collection at the Putnam Museum. According to the map in Kramer (1954) the Hansen farm (or perhaps it should be described as "a" farm owned by Bud Hansen) was located near the Rock River about ten miles upstream from its confluence with the Mississippi River in Rock Island County, Illinois. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Burton Daniel Hanson [sic]. Jared Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Anderson, Ferrel. 2022. Pers. comm. regarding Burton "Bud" Hansen. Gantt, Marlene. 2015. Albany Mounds among top prehistoric sites. The Rock Island Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. June 13, 2015. p. 4. columns 3-6. J.W. Potter Co. 1955. Leon DeMeyer named to head new gem club. The Rock Island Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. February 25, 1955. p. 5. column 4. Kramer, Leon. 1954. Adena spear from Illinois. Ohio Archeologist. 4:50 Mansberger, Floyd. 2013. Archeological survey short report (ASSR): Phase I archeological survey of the proposed 11th Street commercial park, Rock Island, Illinois. Fever River Research, Inc. Springfield, Illinois. p. 9 of 84. Mansberger, Floyd & Roger Coleman. 1982. Literature search and analysis for cultural resources in areas 1 through 5 of the Rock River, Illinois. Midwestern Archeological Research Center. Illinois State Univ. Normal, Illinois. Moline Dispatch Publishing. 1948. Hurlbut renamed head of archeological group. Daily Dispatch. Moline, Illinois. January 17, 1948. p. 15. column 2. Neverett, Margot S. 1998. Archeological resources. in Lower Rock River area assessment. Volume 4. p. 3-19. Pike, Zebulon. 1895. The Expeditions of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Volume 1 (of 3). Original publication: 1810. Elliot Coues (ed.). Francis P. Harper. New York City, New York. [See Riviere De Roche on August 27th & 28th. Also see Riviere De Roche in Chapter 8.] Robbins, John. 2000. Notice of Inventory Completion for Native American Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects from Polk County, IA, in the Possession of the Office of the State Archaeologist, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA and the State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa. Federal Register Vol. 65, No. 177. Taylor, Gerald J. (ed.) 1991. Historical Society elects officers. The Rock Island Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. July 14, 1991. sect. D. p. 6. column 1. Taylor, Gerald J. (ed.) 2015. Burton 'Budd' Hansen. The Rock Island Argus. Rock Island, Illinois. June 13, 2015. p. 5. column 1. Harbour, Jared Patterson (1831-1917) J.P. Harbour was born in July 1831 in Patrick County, Virginia to Abner and Mary Harbour. Jared was one of Abner and Mary's ten children, all of whom were born in Virginia. The family moved west to Illinois between 1837 and 1840 (Ancestry.com 2021, Clayton 2010). Jared was married twice and had seven children — two with his first wife, Margaret Louise McAdams Harbour (1844-1877) and five with Ann Elizabeth Rannells Harbour (marriage 1881). Jared lived to the age of 86 and perished in December 1917 in Illinois (Ancestry.com 2021 & 2023, Clayton 2010, Geni 2015, MyHeritage 2017). According to Delap (2017) and Haynie (1867) "a" Jared P. Harbour from Elkhorn, Illinois was promoted to the rank of 1st Lieutenant in the Illinois Volunteers on March 13, 1865 and was discharged August 14, 1865 (Adjutant General's Office 1865). My cursory tour through Ancestry's records (Ancestry.com 2021) indicate that "Jared the botanist" and "Jared the 1st Lieutenant" are the same person. Scant information about his botanical career is available other than to acknowledge that Jared Harbour was Elihu Hall's cousin and collecting partner. In 1862 they teamed up with Charles C. Parry on a summer collecting field trip in the vicinity of Idaho Springs, Colorado. Schwegman suspected "that Harbour was along to help with the collecting and drying of specimens" and that Jared may not have been particularly interested in the botanical goals of the trip. C.C. Parry made a few plants collections on his own, but the bulk of the collecting was completed by Harbour and Hall. The duo collected ten sets of plants, separate from those harvested by Parry. According to Asa Gray's numbering system, each set contained 695 species and, except for the set sent to Gray, Harbour and Hall were free to sell the extra plant sets as financial reimbursement for their efforts on the Colorado field trip (Gray 1863, Parry 1878, Schwegman 2012). Among the plant specimens examined by Gray was a beardtongue he named Penstemon harbourii to honor Jared Harbour (Gray 1862, Schneider 2016). Similarly, John Coulter and Joseph Rose dedicated the monotypic genus Harbouria to Jared, because the plant (Harbouria trachypleura) was first collected by Harbour and Elihu Hall (Coulter & Rose 1888) during the 1862 field trip with Parry (Gray 1863, see p. 63). Only two Hall & Harbour specimens are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium (Festuca rubra & Stellaria longipes), both of which date to the 1862 field trip mentioned above. However, a large number of specimens from a number of states (e.g. Colorado, Missouri, Nebraska, and others) listing Harbour as co-collector may be viewed via the SEINet specimen database and additional Hall & Harbour specimens are available for examination via the iDigBio specimen database. .......... Adjutant General's Office. 1865. Official Army register of the volunteer force of the United States Army for the years 1861, '62, '63, '64, '65 . Part VI. Indiana - Illinois. Washington, D.C. Ancestry.com. 2021. Abner John Harbour. Portschy Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com. 2023. Jared Patterson Harbour. Landrum Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Clayton, Gary. 2010. Jared Patterson Harbour. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Coulter, John M. & J.N. Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. Herbarium of Wabash College. Crawfordsville, Indiana. p. 125 of 144. Delap, Fred. (compiler). 2017. Illinois Civil War Muster and Descriptive Rolls Database. Illinois State Archives. Springfield, Illinois. Geni. 2015. Jared Patterson Harbour. a MyHeritage company. MyHeritage Ltd. Yehuda, Israel. Gray, Asa. 1862. Synopsis of the genus Penstemon. Proc. American Acad. Arts & Sciences 6:71. Gray, Asa. 1863. Enumeration of the species of plants collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour, during the summer and autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains of Colorado Territory, lat 39°– 41°. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia. pp. 55–80. Haynie, I.N. 1867. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois. Vol. 1. Baker, Bailhache, & Co., printers. Springfield, Illinois. p. 137 of 694. MyHeritage. 2017. Jared Patterson Harbour. MyHeritage Ltd. Yehuda, Israel. Parry, C.C. 1878. Labors of Dr. C.C. Parry. Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 3. column 1. November 7, 1878. Schneider, A. 2016. Biographies of scientists and explorers. in Wildflowers, ferns, & trees of Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, & Utah (here). Schwegman, John E. 2012. Elihu Hall - Illinois botanist and plant explorer of the western United States. Erigenia 25:3-7. Harrison, Arthur Kenyon (1872-1953) Arthur K. Harrison (photo here) was born at Lebanon Springs, New York in May of 1872. His parents, William and Marietta Harrison had four children — Walter, Arthur, Florence, Annie — and Arthur was the second oldest. Professor Harrison was married twice. First in 1901 to Gertrude Chandler Harrison, who perished in 1918 and then in 1924 to Florence Eleanor Harrison who survived Arthur when he died in 1953 (Ancestry.com 2022). Children were produced by neither union. Hal [Harold] Mosher was a student and eventual professor of horticulture and landscape architecture at the University of Massachusetts (UMass Amherst Libraries 2022). According to Mosher, Arthur Harrison attended a one-room country school, until the third grade, when he left to work on the family farm, because his father died. Arthur remained on the farm, until his siblings graduated from the country school, and then he dabbled in various types of employment. Eventually, he took the job working in Michigan's upper peninsula that is discussed in the following paragraph (Mosher 2013). [Note: If the data in Ancestry.com (2022) and Herrick (2014) are correct, at least part of Mosher's summary of Harrison's life must be incorrect, because Arthur's father perished when his son was 50 years of age.] Arthur worked as an assistant to Warren H. Manning during the planning and construction of Gwinn, Michigan, a mining town established by the Cleveland Cliffs Iron Company (Manning n.d., Walker 1908). He joined the staff at the Massachusetts Agriculture College (today's Univ. of Massachusetts) as an "instructor in landscape gardening" in September of 1911. Harrison became an assistant professor in 1913 and was a full professor of Landscape Architecture until his retirement in 1944 (Butterfield 1912, Credo 2016, Harrison 1945). Professor Harrison was awarded an honorary Master of Landscape Architecture degree from Massachusetts State College (present day Univ. of Massachusetts) in 1943 (Anonymous 1943). On occasion Prof. Harrison was involved with community groups, for example, he discussed the results of a botanical excursion to Mount Greylock before the Appalachian Mountain Club (Boston Transcript Co. 1912). In another instance, shortly after the U.S. entered World War I, Arthur and other professors worked with Boston's Committee on Food Production and Conservations to teach Bostonians proper techniques for planting and maintaining "Victory Gardens" (Globe Newspaper Co. 1917). Arthur K. Harrison was listed in the "contributors and their contributions" section of Peck's state botanist reports of 1894 and 1896. Additionally, he is mentioned as the collector of record for some of the taxa included in other sections of the reports (Peck 1891-1899). Prof. Harrison was also a dedicated student of the Massachusetts flora; in particular, he was a major contributor to the Flora of the Boston District project from its inception (e.g. Harrison et al. 1907, Knowlton et al. 1908, 1910a&b). Arthur also published a few other brief botanical works (Harrison 1941, 1945a) and some things geared towards the field of landscape architecture (Harrison 1915, 1945b). Fifteen specimens collected by Harrison in New York and Massachusetts are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A smattering of A. K. Harrison specimens may be viewed via the SEINet and/or the iDigBio specimen database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Arthur Kenyon Harrison. Laster/Benton/Stow/Ware Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1943. Gov. Saltonstall is speaker as Mass. State graduates 169. The Boston Daily Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. May 24, 1943. p. 11. columns 4 & 5. Boston Transcript Co. 1912. Mountaineers. Boston Evening Transcript. Boston, Massachusetts. December 7, 1912. p. 45. column 3. Butterfield, Kenyon L. 1912. New instructors and assistants. Forty-ninth annual report Mass. Ag. College. Part. 1. Public Doc. 31. Credo. 2016. Arthur K. Harrison - faculty photographs. Special Collections & University Archives. University Libraries. University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Mass. Globe Newspaper Co. 1917. Common first feels war invasion. Boston Sunday Globe. Boston, Massachusetts. May 27, 1917. p. 59. column 3-6. Harrison, A.K., F.F. Forbes, C.H. Knowlton, & R.A. Ware. 1907. Reports on the flora of the Boston District - I. Rhodora 9(101):81-86. Harrison, Arthur K. 1915. Trees and shrubs for home grounds. Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 1:22-36. Harrison, Arthur K. 1941. Another Massachusetts Station for Serapias Helleborine. Rhodora. 43:632. Harrison, Arthur K. 1945a. Euphrasia canadensis in Massachusetts. Rhodora. 47:39. Harrison, Arthur K. 1945b. Landscape Architecture. Phi Kappa Phi Journal 25:151. Herrick, William. 2014. William Henry Harrison. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Knowlton, C.H., J.A. Cushman, Walter Deane, & A.K. Harrison. 1908. Reports on the flora of the Boston District - II. Rhodora 10(112):59-64. Knowlton, C.H., J.A. Cushman, Walter Deane, & A.K. Harrison. 1910a. Reports on the flora of the Boston District - VI. Rhodora 12(133):3-7. Knowlton, C.H., J.A. Cushman, Walter Deane, & A.K. Harrison. 1910b. Reports on the flora of the Boston District - VII. Rhodora 12(137):95-99. Manning, Warren H. n.d. The autobiography of Warren H. Manning. Library Amer. Landscape Hist. Amherst, Massachusetts. Mosher, Hal. 2013. The Early Years of Our Department. in Fábos, Julius Gy. & Nicholas T. Dynes. 2013. Remembering Paul Procopio - compendium. Landscape Architecture & Regional Planning Studio. Student Research and Creative Activity. 29. pp. 5-9 of 24. Peck, Charles H. 1891-1899. Contributors and their contributions. Report of the state botanist. Volume 3. 1891-1899. James B. Lyon, state printer. Albany, New York. p. 16 of 42. (1987 reprint by Boerhaave Press, Leiden, Netherlands.) UMass Amherst Libraries. 2022. Harold E. Mosher Papers. Robert S. Cox Special Collections and University Archives Research Center. University of Massachusetts. Amherst, Massachusetts. Walker, Elsie E. 1908. Gwinn, Built by the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company for its miners comes up in a region long since given over to the wilderness. The Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. March 15, 1908. p. 50. columns 1-6. Dr. Ferdinand A. Hassler was born March 6, 1844 to Dr. Charles A. and Anna J. Hassler in Norfolk, Virginia and he had three siblings — a brother, Charles, and two sisters, Mary and A.R. (Ancestry.com 2022). The children's paternal grandfather was Ferdinand R. Hassler - the first superintendent of the U.S. Coast Survey (Ancestry.com 2022, Cloud 2007, Duffield 1919, Lamb 1879, Sasser 2004). As a young man, Ferdinand (the younger) served as a page in the United States Senate and decided to further his education at his father's alma mater, the University of Pennsylvania (Duffield 1919, Russ 2009). F. A. Hassler was an 1866 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania medical school (University of Pennsylvania 1867) and in 1875 he was awarded the Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania by the "Auxiliary Department of Medicine" (Atkinson 1875, Brinton 1876, University of Pennsylvania 1876). Dr. Hassler became an attending physician at an infants' home in Philadelphia and a professor of materia medica at Lincoln University (Butler 1878). Dr. Hassler was an active member of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (Butler 1878), with only bits-and-pieces of his contributions having been published. In 1868 he donated small collections of publications, fossils, and minerals to the Academy (Leidy & Nolan 1868) and in 1870 the Academy received a group of specimens of Helix sphracita Hartm. (from Syria) and a model of Strombus gigas L. from him. Ferdinand performed some curatorial duties, such as successfully processing (cleaned, oiled, labelled, and arranged) 10,060 shells in 3771 trays for Academy use (Nolan 1870). Miscellaneous conchological comments by Dr. Hassler were mentioned in the pages of the American Journal of Conchology (Tryon 1865-1871, 1871-1872). For some reason, perhaps Philadelphia's sometimes challenging climatic conditions, he moved to California in August 1881 and resided in the "Golden State" for the remainder of his life (Duffield 1919, Mills 1881). Elizabeth "Lizzy" E. Hall, the only child of Orin and Emily Hall, was born in Batavia, Illinois in January 1865. About 1880 the family moved to California and by some happenstance Lizzy met Dr. Ferdinand Hassler. Apparently the two found each other's company pleasing and they were married in Santa Ana, California June 27, 1882. Between 1885 and 1896, four sons were born to the couple (Ancestry.com 2022). No mention of Dr. Hassler having established a medical practice in California has been found and it's hard to say whether his interest in conchology continued or waned. Records of Ferdinand doing work in California similar to that he performed for the Philadelphia Academy have not been located. His apparent transition from conchologist to numismatist was illustrated by an announcement offering to sell shell specimens (Hassler 1890) and, in another instance, Dr. Hassler advertised a proposed transaction of George Tryon's text "American Marine Conchology" in exchange for "copper coins or rare postage stamps" (Hassler 1893b). All-in-all his desire to collect historical artifacts appears to have expanded during his life in California. Hassler was the manager [owner?] of the "Southern California Stamp Company" of Santa Ana, California, which in 1901 promoted itself via aluminum business cards (Frey 1904, Heath 1901). But even in that capacity, Ferdinand dabbled in botany as his listings in the "Wanted, to Exchange or For Sale" he offered to trade "Cal. cactus plants" or "fine works with plates of western plants" for "coins, medals, or postage stamps" (Heath 1904). He apparently had a particular affinity for German coins (e.g. Hassler 1907 a&b) and, starting in 1903, he was mentioned in many issues of "The Numismatist" (Heath 1894+, Regesta Imperii 2022). Dr. Hassler was a member of the American Numismatic Association (Duffield 1919, Mehl 1908), but poor health appears to have caused him to curtail his activities in that arena and may have led to his donation of 700 items to the Oakland Public Museum in 1914. His contribution to the museum included historically and educationally important "coins, tokens, and medals" from countries around the globe (Forsterer 1914). Dr. Hassler's publication history is a brief, but reflective list illustrating the evolution of his interests. He presented a report on the survivorship of a marine gastropod, Litorina muricata to the Conchological Section of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (Hassler 1873). Ferdinand wrote a synopsis of the concepts presented in the ancient Indian medical text "Charaka Samhita" (Hassler 1893a) and he penned a brief piece on feline predation of Serpentes (Hassler 1894). He was also awarded patent number 610,181 for his "Word-Register for Type-Writing Machines" (Hassler 1898), however, though he had at least a passing interest in botany, no botanical publications authored by him have been uncovered. Though Hassler's contributions to Philadelphia's botanical community were modest, Willis (1874) considered them sufficiently significant to include the physician in his "Botanical Directory". Similarly, he was included in the botanical directory of the Torrey Botanical Club (1873). As mentioned above, Ferdinand was willing to trade plant specimens and botanical works of art for numismatic artifacts, but the only other item indicating his botanical involvement uncovered to date is an announcement in Science Magazine where he offered "for sale or exchange" a copy of Sereno Watson's "Botany of the Fortieth Parallel of the Hundredth Meridian of the Pacific R.R. Survey. Other Botanical works ..." (Hassler 1893b). The few extant plant collections made by him are mentioned in the following paragraph. Dr. Hassler's existence was brought to my attention, because five specimens collected by him in the early 1870s are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. It's interesting to note that although Hassler lived in California for 38 years, no plant collections of his come from there. In fact, other than those at the Putnam Museum, only one herbarium specimen of Hassler's has been located. It is a specimen of Lobularia maritima in the New York Botanical Garden Herbarium and was collected by "Dr. F. Hassler". His collections may be reviewed via the SEINet and/or the iDigBio specimen database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Ferdinand Augustus Hassler. Moore/McFarland Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Atkinson, William B. (ed.) 1875. Philadelphia register and medical directory. Collins, printer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 303 of 352. Brinton, D.G. (ed.) 1876. News & Miscellany: University of Pennsylvania. The Medical & Surgical Reporter 33:40. Butler, Samuel W. 1878. The medical register and directory of the United States. Office of the Medical and Surgical Reporter. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 7 & 687 of 874. Cloud, John. 2007. The 200th Anniversary of the Survey of the Coast. Prologue Magazine. Vol. 39. No. 1. Duffield, F.G. (ed.) 1919. Obituary: Ferdinand Augustus Hassler, M.D. The Numismatist 32:362 & 402. Forsterer, B.A. (Publisher) 1914. Rare coins given to public museum. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. p. 27. column 4. November 29, 1914. Frey, A.R. 1904. The tokens and medals: Relating to numismatists and coin dealers. The Numismatist. 17(3):69-76. Hassler, Dr. F.A. 1873. Experiments ... to ascertain the tenacity of life in Littorina muricata. Meeting of Conchological Section. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. p. 284 (see also p. 436). Hassler, F.A. 1890. Shells! Advertisement section. West Amer. Scientist. 7:17. Hassler, F.A. 1893a. Charaka Samhita. Science. 22(545):17-18. Hassler, F.A. 1893b. Exchanges. Science. 22(547):55. Hassler, F.A. 1894. Cats hunting snakes. Science. 23:151. Hassler, Ferdinand A. 1898. Word-Register for Type-Writing Machines. U.S. Patent Office. September 6, 1898. Hassler, F.A. 1907a. Side lights on German pfennigs. V. The Numismatist. 20:1-5. Hassler, F.A. 1907b. Side lights on German pfennigs. VI. The Numismatist. 20:33-40. Heath, Geo. F. (ed.) 1894+. The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association. Monroe, Michigan. Heath, Geo. F. (ed.) 1901. Editorial. The Numismatist. 14:350. Heath, Geo. F. (ed.) 1904. Wanted, to Exchange or For Sale. The Numismatist. 17:91, 124, 188, 219. Lamb, Martha J. 1879. The coast survey. Harper's new monthly magazine. 58:506-521. Leidy, Joseph & Edw. J. Nolan. 1868. Report of the curators. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. pp. 385-386. Mehl, B. Max. 1908. Auction Sale: A splendid assortment of coins, medals, and paper money. Fort Worth, Texas. 36 pp. Mills, William H. 1881. Passenger lists. Sacramento Daily Record-Union. Sacramento, California. August 17, 1881. p.2. column 5. Nolan, Edward J. 1870. Conservator's Report - Conchological Section. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. pp. 155-156. Regesta Imperii. 2022. Publication search for F.A. Hassler. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz, Germany. Russ. 2009. Dr. Charles Augustus Hassler. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Sasser, Eldora. 2004. Dr. Ferdinand Augustus Hassler. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Torrey Botanical Club. 1873. Botanical Directory for North America and the West Indies. Parts 1 & 2. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. Vol. 4. No. 11. 59 pp. Tryon, Geo. W. (ed.) 1865-1871. Conchological section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Amer. Jrnl. Conchology. Vols. 1-6. Tryon, Geo. W. (ed.) 1871-1872. Conchological section of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Amer. Jrnl. Conchology. 7:2, 38, 218, 248. Willis, Oliver R. 1874. Catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in New Jersey: botanical directory for North America and the West Indies. J.W. Schermerhorn and Co. New York. pp. xv - xxi. University of Pennsylvania. 1867. Catalogue of the trustees, officers, and students of the University of Pennsylvania (1866-1867). University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Collins Printer. p. 42 of 46. University of Pennsylvania. 1876. Catalogue of the trustees, officers, and students of the University of Pennsylvania (1875-1876). University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Collins Printer. pp. 83 & 103 of 108. Hauber, Monsignor Ulrich A. (1885 - 1956) Ulrich Albert Hauber (photo on dedication page here) was born in Bavaria, Germany (June 28, 1885) and his family emigrated to the United States when he was five years old. They became residents of Iowa City, Iowa, where Ulrich first attended a small country school and then finished his secondary education at St. Mary's High School. Following high school, he earned his bachelor's degree in 1905 at St. Ambrose College (Davenport, Iowa) and then studied at Saint Francis de Sales Seminary in St. Francis, Wisconsin (Eilers 1931, St. Ambrose University 2018, Vinje 1957). After his ordination in 1908, Hauber accepted a faculty position at St. Ambrose (Ludwig 1955, St. Ambrose University 2018). He continued his education at the University of Chicago and then shifted his coursework to The Catholic University of America. Ulrich wrote his thesis on the "Histology of the Frog Stomach" and finished his M.A. in 1918 (Catholic University of America 1919). Monsignor Hauber completed his formal education by earning the Ph.D. in zoology at the University of Iowa. His work there investigated the genetic origin of a wing defect in the wasp Habrobracon juglandis (Fulton 1956a&b, Hauber 1925, Vinje 1957). Hauber served St. Ambrose for 48 years and during that time he wore the hats of president (1926-1930), biologist, registrar, department chair, teacher, and author. In 1914 he established the herbarium at St. Ambrose University to enhance the biology curriculum. Msgr. Hauber served as president of the Iowa Academy of Science and sat on the board of directors for the Putnam Public Museum (Fulton 1956a&b, Hauber 1947 & 1949, Hauber & O'Hanlon 1937, Ludwig 1955, St. Ambrose University 2018). The St. Ambrose University herbarium currently holds over 900 of Hauber's collections that were among the first to establish the facility and just over half of his collections are from the Quad Cities area. Another three specimens collected by Msgr. Hauber are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Other Hauber specimens are recorded in the SEINet and the iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Catholic University of America. 1919. Degrees conferred in 1918. in The Catholic University of America Year Book (1919-1920). Catholic University of America. Washington, D.C. p. 51. Eilers, George C. (ed.) 1931. Diamond jubilee of Saint Francis Seminary. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. p. 130 of 167. Fulton, M.A. (ed.) 1956a. Msgr. Hauber dies: Educator 48 years. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. July 2, 1956. p. 2. columns 1 & 2. Fulton, M.A. (ed.) 1956b. Death takes a dedicated teacher. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. July 2, 1956. p. 10. columns 1 & 2. Hauber, Ulrich Albert. 1925. An analysis by selection and crossing, of genetic factors involved in defective venation, a variable character of the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis (Ashmead) . Genetics 10(2):91-116. Hauber, Ulrich Albert. 1947. Creation and Evolution: A Catholic opinion on the evolution theory. 3rd ed. The Paulist Press. New York. Hauber, Ulrich Albert. 1949. Essentials of zoology. Appleton-Century-Crofts. New York. 394 pp. Hauber, Ulrich Albert & M. Ellen O'Hanlon. 1937. Biology: A study of the principles of life for the college student. F.S. Crofts & Co. New York. 559 pp. Ludwig, Ruth. 1955. Cats, corn and Iowa's Msgr. Hauber. The Catholic Messenger. Davenport, Iowa. December 22, 1955. page 8. Putnam Museum and Science Center document archive. St. Ambrose University. 2018. Past presidents. St. Ambrose University. Davenport, Iowa. Vinje, Mary M. 1957. Ulrich A. Hauber: 1885-1956. in In Memoriam: William M. Goldsmith; Ulrich A. Hauber; Albert Kuntz; Lowell S. Miller; Everett Dudley Plass; Merrill A. Stainbrook; George Walter Stewart; Halver R. Straight; Leroy D. Weld; Guy West Wilson. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 64(1):62-80. Hauer, Daniel Jacob (1876 - 1943) Daniel J. Hauer, the youngest child in Luther and Anna Norris Hauer's family, was born in Baltimore, Maryland in 1876 — he had seven sisters and one brother (Ancestry.com 2022, Elsesser 1943, Meredith 1943, Smith 1943). D.J. was a student at McDonogh School (Owings Mills, Maryland) from August 1881 to July 1888, where he was acting editor of The Week from 1886 to 1888 (Alan 1889) and a member of the debating team (Alan 1887). During the latter months of his attendance at McDonogh and shortly thereafter, Hauer published several short observations of natural history in the Agassiz Association's "The Swiss Cross" (Hauer 1888 a,b,&c; 1889a&b). He graduated from McDonogh with a background in civil engineering, but his working career began as a lowly railroad axman. As he polished his engineering credentials, Hauer worked at many locations and on a variety of projects (see Hauer 1906a-e). His civil engineer/consultant/contractor project experiences included undertakings "such as maintenance of way, construction of railroads, wagon roads, race tracks, parks, reservoirs, subways, sewers, irrigation, electric roads, etc." (Gillette 1907). In New York City and Baltimore he made a living as a consulting engineer for several years, prior to joining the Board of Water Supply for the City of New York. After 14 years with the Board of Water Supply, Hauer retired in July 1943 and took up residence in North Plainfield, New Jersey. It was there in New Jersey that he fell ill about 6 weeks prior to his death on December 13th at the age of 72 (Elsesser 1943, Smith 1943). Daniel's many years of practical experience led him to publish articles on a variety of aspects of civil engineering (see Hauer 1906a-e) and he published two books that served to help contractors improve their skills from managerial and economic perspectives (Hauer 1911 & 1918). Mr. Hauer's publications and viewpoints were cited in other civil engineering texts (Crandall & Barnes 1913, Gillette 1916) and miscellaneous publications (e.g. Gillette 1909, Haferkorn 1914). Daniel and Abbie E. Clark were married in Perry, Maine on September 26, 1898. The couple raised two children — Daniel and Edith (Ancestry.com 2022, Meredith 1943). Daniel (the elder) was one of many people who submitted a note of condolence regarding the death of Mrs. Josepha Seldon Young, long-time matron at McDonogh School (Allan 1911) and he also spoke before the McDonogh Alumni Association (Hauer 1900). Daniel J. Hauer is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by 144 specimens collected in Maryland (primarily in the McDonogh School vicinity) between 1885 and 1890. .......... Alan, William. (principal) 1887. Catalog of the school (1885-1886 session). in The report of the board of trustees of McDonogh Educational Fund and Institute. pp. 1489 & 1498. Alan, William. (principal) 1889. The Alumni Association. in Annual report of the trustees of the McDonogh Fund. pp. 1457 - 1481. Allan, Elizabeth Preston. 1911. Mrs. Josepha Young - memorial sketch. Printed by Boys of McDonogh School. McDonogh, Maryland. p. 24 of 30. Ancestry.com. 2022. Daniel Jacob Hauer. Rice Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Crandall, Charles Lee & Fred Asa Barnes. 1913. Railroad Construction. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York City, New York. 321 pp. Elsesser, Bernard. (ed.) 1943. Obituary - Daniel J. Hauer. The Gazette & Daily. York, Pennsylvania. December 15, 1943. p. 10. Gillette, Halbert P. (ed.) 1907. Danie[l] J. Hauer, Associate editor Engineering Contracting. Engineering-Contracting. 28(8):111. Gillette, Halbert P. 1909. The science of management engineering. Jrnl. American Soc. Engineering. 1:73-88. Gillette, Halbert P. 1916. Handbook of rock excavation, methods and cost. Clark Book Company. New York City, New York. 833 pp. Haferkorn, Henry E. 1914. Selected articles of engineering interest. Professional Memoirs. Corps of Engineers. United States Army, and Engineer Department at Large. 6(30):vii, ix, xi, xiii, xv, xvii. Hauer, D.J. 1888a. An early butterfly. The Swiss Cross 3:127. Hauer, D.J. 1888b. Eggs of the Cray-Fish. The Swiss Cross 3:190. Hauer, D.J. 1888c. Heliotropium curassavicum. The Swiss Cross 4:157. Hauer, D.J. 1889a. List of November plants collected. The Swiss Cross 5:10-11. Hauer, D.J. 1889b. Winter flowers of Maryland. The Swiss Cross 5:156. Hauer, D.J. 1900. Address before the Alumni Association of McDonogh School. McDonogh School. July 4, 1900. Hauer, Daniel J. 1906a. Cost of labor and materials in building two electric railways. Engineering-contracting. 21(2):36-38. Hauer, Daniel J. 1906b. The detailed cost of earth excavation with elevating grader on seven railroad jobs. Engineering-contracting. 21(4):102-105. Hauer, Daniel J. 1906c. Cost of driving piles for a shore protection. Engineering-contracting. 25(26):172-174. Hauer, Daniel J. 1906d. Methods and costs of constructing two concrete foundations for draw bridges. Engineering-contracting. 26(19):128-130. Hauer, Daniel J. 1906e. Detail cost of building re-inforced concrete bridge floors. Engineering-contracting. 26(22):172-174. Hauer, Daniel J. 1911. The economics of contracting. E.H. Baumgartner. Chicago, Illinois. 269 pp. Hauer, Daniel J. 1918. Modern management applied to construction. McGraw-Hill Book Co. New York City, New York. 194 pp. Meredith, C.H. (ed.) 1943. Obituary - Daniel J. Hauer. The Evening Sun. Hanover, Pennsylvania. December 14, 1943. p. 1. column 4. Smith, Paul E. (ed.). 1943. Obituary - Daniel J. Hauer. The Courier-News. Plainfield, New Jersey. December 14, 1943. p. 15. column 5. Johann Gustav Haupt, eldest child of Peter and Christina Haupt, was born February 12, 1855 in Heide, Prussia. In 1866 the Haupt family — Peter, Christina, Johann, Margretha, Adolph, and Emma — emigrated to the United States and by 1870 they were living in Davenport, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2022). Johann graduated from Davenport High School in 1874 (Labath 2012) and, during those days, he began an affiliation with the Davenport Academy of Sciences (Frantz 1936). Haupt finished a one-year course of study at Davenport's Teacher Training School in June 1874 (Richardson 1874a, Wikipedia 2022) — the same year he was welcomed, along with his former high school teacher and future co-author J.J. Nagel, as a new member of the Davenport Academy of Sciences (Frantz 1936, Richardson 1874b, Putnam 1867-1876). Haupt was active in the Davenport Literary Society (Richardson 1876a) and had at least an amateur's interest in apiculture (Richardson 1884), but he was most dedicated to the field of education. Johann seems to have held a teaching position with the Davenport Teacher Training School for a period of time (Richardson 1876b), but by 1877 he was enjoying a $570.00 annual salary as the school principal in Walcott, Iowa (Richardson 1877). He remained at Walcott for four years, during which period he was often listed in local newspaper articles as a participant in Scott County teacher institutes, Davenport Academy of Sciences functions, and local political activities. Mr. Haupt was named the principal of the school in Durant, Iowa in 1881 and apparently remained in that position through 1883 (Shoup 1878, 1881, & 1883). During his teaching tenure in either Davenport or Durant, Johann met Alice C. Baker and a lasting bond formed between the two. They were married July 7, 1879 and the couple maintained their first residence in Blue Grass, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2011a&b, Ancestry.com 2022, Federal Census 1880). Alice and Johann raised three children — Bertha: born October 14, 1883 in Durant, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2022, Iowa State Board of Health 1884), Vernon: born January 26, 1887 in Dakota Territory, and Winifred: born in 1891 in South Dakota (Ancestry.com 2022). [Photo of Bertha's Lake Charles, Louisiana high school graduating class here.] The Haupts were drawn to Bijou Hills, Dakota Territory in the late 1880s (Richardson 1889). The exact timing of the move is unclear, but their son's January 1887 birth in Dakota Territory establishes the latest possible date of their arrival (Ancestry.com 2022). Apparently the move was prompted by a teaching position Johann had secured in the area (Baird 1895). They spent seven years in Bijou Hills and then a single year in Armour, South Dakota (Frantz 1936), but details regarding the nature of Haupt's Dakota appointments are lacking at this writing. By 1892 they had moved to South Sioux City, Nebraska, where J.G. was superintendent of the local school, with a teaching staff of three — Lelah Kryger, Mattie Daley, and Edith Phillips (Warner 1893). In 1893 Mr. Haupt completed a successful campaign to become the Dakota County Superintendent of schools (Hart & Schmitd 1894), though his politicking was not without controversy. One group of petitioners portrayed Haupt as a person who "with the smile of a saint he parades himself before the voters of the county [l]uring them to place him guardian over the schools in which he has no interest aside from drawing his pay (Wilbur 1893)". Not all of the year's political animus was aimed at Haupt. One critic wrote of Haupt's political opponent, "Pretty Willie Bartlett with his "bawld" pate, handsome moustache, whisky scented breath and several jugs of fire-water, is making the rounds, and asking the support of voters for county superintendent. For God's sake voters, if you have no respect for yourself, have some for your children and your daughters, whether they attend school or are teachers, and vote against W.T. Bartlett ... (Hart & Schmitd 1893)." Johann attempted to further his political career in 1896 with a run for State Senator of the Eighth District, but that bid was unsuccessful (Hart & Schmitd 1896). In 1894 Alice Haupt and the three children left Nebraska to establish a residence in Lake Charles, Louisiana. It appears that earlier in the 1890s, Mr. Haupt learned of and applied for a principalship with the public school system in Lake Charles, but the opportunity did not come to fruition. By '94 the rigors of the Nebraskan climate had taken their toll on Alice's health and her diminished fitness brought about the move to Louisiana's more moderate climate (Marshall 1894, McCormick 1894b), but Johann remained at work in Nebraska. In September 1900, J.G. secured a principalship with the Welsh community school (Nicholson 1900). In addition to his academic duties in Welsh, Haupt operated a rice producing farm just north of Iowa, Louisiana, about twelve miles west of Welsh (Abbott 1902a). The interest he developed back in the state of Iowa for beekeeping carried through to his residence in Louisiana and on at least one occasion he penned an article on hive maintenance for the "Rice Journal and Gulf Coast Farmer" that was published in Crowley (Abbott 1904b, Cline 1970). Johann discussed "the nature of the honey bee" with the occasional teacher group (Abbott 1904a), reported the success of his honey operation to the public (Sheppard 1906), and served as director of the "Fruits, Nuts, and Honey Division" of the local agricultural fair (Randolph 1907b). Interestingly, the honeybee (Apis mellifera) eventually became Louisiana's state insect (Justia 2022). On or about May 1, 1901, J.G. left the field of education and accepted a position as bookkeeper with the Crowley State Bank (Scott 1901a) and late in 1902, the family moved to Crowley, about 50 miles east of Lake Charles (Abbott 1902b). According to a variety of newspaper accounts, whether in Crowley or the family's other places of residence, Mr. Haupt frequently expressed his religious and political opinions, in print and in person (e.g. Scott 1901b, 1902, 1903). In 1920, according to that year's Federal Census, Johann, Alice, and Vernon were still living in Crowley — Johann's listed occupation remained that of "bank bookkeeper" (Ancestry.com 2022). Johann was an accomplished linguist and, as such, an Esperanto devotee for many years. As early as 1906 Mr. Haupt was promoting the virtues of Esperanto to teachers and the general community (Haupt 1906, Randolph 1907a). He put his Esperanto expertise to use as he lobbied for the city of New Orleans at the 1910 International Esperanto Congress held in Washington, D.C., where he argued in favor of holding the next International Congress in "The Big Easy" (Bone 1910). On a more pragmatic local level, Johann the used his linguistic skills as an interpreter and translated foreign correspondence sent to rice millers in Crowley (Frantz 1936). In 1925 the Haupt family left Crowley and made a home in Natchitoches, Louisiana (Haupt 1925, Signal Publishing Company 1925). According to the 1930 Federal Census, Johann was by then retired and his two daughters were attending Louisiana State Normal School in the same city (Ancestry.com 2022). Though his vision was greatly impaired by cloudiness brought on by cataracts, J.G. continued to be active. In August 1931 he traveled in the company of his daughters, Bertha and Hope, (both professors at Louisiana State Normal School in Natchitoches) to Monroe, Louisiana to speak to a group about Shakespeare and other classical authors (Ewing 1931). In September of the same year, Johann authored a short newspaper article promoting the cultivation of an arum, dasheen (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott), and a cucurbit, chayote (Sicyos edulis Jacq.) for human consumption (Haupt 1931). It was there in Natchitoches that the Haupts spent their final years — Johann perished in 1936 of influenza and Alice passed away the following year (Ancestry.com 2022, Frantz 1936). It was J.G. Haupt's involvement in the Davenport, Iowa's science/botany community that brought him to these biographical pages. As was mentioned previously, Haupt was elected an active member of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences in 1874 (Putnam 1867-1876) and during the ensuing years he performed a variety of functions for the Academy, such as librarian, chair of the biological section, and contributor to the herbarium (Farquharson 1879, Putnam 1876-1878, Putnam 1879). His Academy involvement continued until about 1881, after which he was no longer listed among active associates in the Academy's Proceedings. An interesting, but erroneous, report made by J.G. Haupt to the Davenport Academy is worth mentioning. "In answer to a question from Dr. Parry, Mr. Haupt stated that he had found Sarracenia purpurea L. growing in a bog on the Iowa shore of the river, somewhere between Dubuque and Davenport, while on his way down the river in 1871. He thought it was in Scott county, but could not be positive. It was decided that this species should be dropped from the list until better evidence is secured (Putnam 1876)." During the ensuing years, no specimens of purple pitcher plant along Iowa's portion of the Mississippi River have been recorded. J.G. Haupt was mentioned by Arthur (1877) as an important contributor to the knowledge of the flora of Iowa. Though a number of herbarium specimens bearing his name lack a collection date, it's reasonable to say that Mr. Haupt botanized with J.J. Nagel, Alfred Sanders, and perhaps others in the Davenport, Iowa region during the 1870s and on into the early 1880s, when he was working in Durant. Those collections led to the 1876 publication he co-authored with J.J. Nagel (Nagel & Haupt 1876). Though Haupt left Iowa in the late 1880s, he did not leave his interest in botany behind. Johann became a member of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences (Taylor et al. 1892-1896) and in 1894 he presented a paper on "The Trees and Shrubs of North-eastern Nebraska" during the Academy's annual meeting (Taylor et al. 1892-1896: see vol. 5, p. 4). Haupt's interests in native plants continued, when he was in Louisiana. Regarding one of Johann's visits to the area, the Lake Charles Commercial published: "Prof. Haupt is an eminent botanist and he is preparing data for a series of articles dealing with "the flora of Lake Charles and vicinity." He is collecting many specimens and has found buds and plants growing native here that compel a thorough scientific analysis before the class to which they belong can be determined (McCormick 1894a)." No flora of the nature described in the newspaper article has been discovered. Thirty-two plant specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium bear Haupt's name as either sole collector or in conjunction with someone else. Though, as mentioned above, Mr. Haupt seems to have maintained a bona fide interest in botany during his life in Iowa, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Louisiana, no preserved plant specimens bearing his name from any state other than Iowa have been located. Additionally, the only plant related publications bearing his name are the popular article mentioned above and the "List of Phaenogamous Plants, collected in the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, during the years 1870 to 1875", which he co-authored with J.J. Nagel (Nagel & Haupt 1876). .......... Abbott, Miron. (President) 1902a. Those we met. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 1. column 4. November 1, 1902. Abbott, Miron. (President) 1902b. Personal pointers. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 2. column 2. November 29, 1902. Abbott, Miron. (President) 1904a. Teachers close their institute. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 5. column 3. September 10, 1904. Abbott, Miron. (President) 1904b. Box hive swarming. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 8. column 2. September 12, 1904. Ancestry.com. 2022. Johann Gustav Haupt. Haupt Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com. 2011a. U.S. City Directories, 1822-1995. Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com. 2011b. 1880 Federal Census. Census Place: Blue Grass, Scott County, Iowa. Roll: 363. Family History Film: 1254363. Page: 367A. Enumeration District: 264. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Arthur, J.C. 1877. Contributions to the flora of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 4:56 & 126. Baird, Z.M. 1895. Institute notes. The Cedar County Leader. Hartington, Nebraska. p. 1. column 6. August 23, 1895. Bone, Scott C. (ed.) 1910. Esperantists listen to pleas of press agents. The Washington Herald. Washington, D.C. p. 1. column 5. August 21, 1910. Cline, W. Rodney. 1970. Seaman Asahel Knapp, 1833-1911. Louisiana History 11(4):333-340. Ewing, John D. 1931. Aged and blind, Haupt tells of classic study. The Monroe News-Star. Monroe, Louisiana. p. 7. column 2. August 25, 1931. Farquharson, R.J. 1879. Annual address of the president. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:1-5. Frantz, Dolph. (ed.) 1936. John Gustav Haupt is called by death. The Shreveport Journal. Shreveport Journal. p. 8. column 5. June 15, 1936. Hart, Atlee & Mell A. Schmitd. 1893. America for Americans. The North Nebraska Eagle. Dakota City, Nebraska. p. 4. column 3. November 2, 1893. Hart, Atlee & Mell A. Schmitd. 1894. Notice. The North Nebraska Eagle. Dakota City, Nebraska. p. 1. column 6. January 18, 1894. Hart, Atlee & Mell A. Schmitd. 1896. Republican Ticket. The North Nebraska Eagle. Dakota City, Nebraska. p. 4. columns 1-2. October 8, 1896. Haupt, J.G. 1906. Esperanto, the international language. The Crowley Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 4. column 2. June 2, 1906. Haupt, J.G. 1925. For sale. The Crowley Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 3. column 4. May 14, 1925. Haupt, J.G. 1931. The dasheen and the chayote. The Monroe News-Star. Monroe, Louisiana. p. 8. column 5. September 7, 1931. Iowa State Board of Health. 1884. Return of Births in the County of Cedar. For the year ending October 1st A.D., 1884. p. 39. Justia. 2022. 2018 Louisiana Laws. Revised Statutes. TITLE 49 - State Administration. RS 49:164 - State insect. Mountain View, California. Labath, Cathy (coordinator). 2012. Scott County: Iowa School Records. IAGenWeb Project. Davenport High School Class Listings. Marshall, J.B. 1894. Echoes. Lake Charles Echoe. Lake Charles, Louisiana. p. 3. column 3. April 20, 1894. McCormick, C.M. 1894a. An eminent botanist. Lake Charles Commercial. Lake Charles, Louisiana. p. 1. column 7. April 21, 1894. McCormick, C.M. 1894b. Personals. Lake Charles Commercial. Lake Charles, Louisiana. p. 3. column 2. October 20, 1894. Nagel, J. J. and J. G. Haupt. 1876. List of Phaenogamous Plants, collected in the vicinity of Davenport, Iowa, during the years 1870 to 1875. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sciences 1:153-164. Nicholson, E.J. 1900. Southern states items of interest: Lake Charles. The Daily Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. p. 10. column 3. September 10, 1900. Putnam, J.D. (sec'y) 1867-1876. Record of proceedings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 1:48. Putnam, J.D. 1876. Biological section. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 2:34-35. Putnam, J.D. (publ. chair) 1876-1878. Record of proceedings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 2:8, 17, 218, & others. Putnam, J. Duncan. (corres. sec'y) 1879. Additions to the library during 1877. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:14-43 (see p. 28). Randolph, Frank. (ed.) 1907a. The patent language: Prof. Haupt talks to school teachers about esperanto. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 5. column 2. June 24, 1907. Randolph, Frank. (ed.) 1907b. Fair Bulletin. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 5. column 4. August 9, 1907. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1874a. Graduating exercises of the training class. Daily Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 5. June 26, 1874. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1874b. Meeting of the scientists. Daily Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 4. November 30, 1874. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1876a. Davenport Literary Society. The Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 3. March 6, 1876. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1876b. Board of Education: Regular meeting. The Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 5. August 15, 1876. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1877. Scott County schools. The Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 6. column 4. October 25, 1877. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1884. The Bee-Keepers. The Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 5. February 21, 1884. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1889. Items in brief. Davenport Democrat Gazette. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. column 5. June 11, 1889. Scott, L.S. (publisher) 1901a. Those we meet. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 1. column 4. May 4, 1901. Scott, L.S. (publisher) 1901b. Sunday services. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 1. column 3. November 9, 1901. Scott, L.S. (publisher) 1902. Sunday school rally. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 5. column 3. June 21, 1902. Scott, L.S. (sec'y.) 1903. Parish convention: Sunday school workers council together. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 5. columns 1& 2. August 12, 1903. Sheppard, H.M. (ed.) 1906. Good honey year. The Daily Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 4. column 3. November 26, 1906. Shoup, W.J. (ed.) 1878. State news and notes. Iowa Normal Monthly 2:281. Shoup, W.J. (ed.) 1881. State news and notes. Iowa Normal Monthly 5:28. Shoup, W.J. (ed.) 1883. Graded schools employing three or more teachers & List of members. Iowa Normal Monthly 7:159 & 252. Signal Publishing Company. 1925. Haupts leave to make new home in Natchitoches. The Crowley Signal. Crowley, Louisiana. p. 1. column 1. September 5, 1925. Taylor, W. Edgar, A.H. Van Vleet, H.B. Duncanson, & G.D. Swezey. (Sec'y.) 1892-1896. Minutes annual meetings. Publ. Nebraska Acad. Sciences. Volumes 1-6. 2:5, 3:5, 4:4, 5:4. Warner, M.M. 1893. Warner's history of Dakota County, Nebraska. Lyons Mirror Job Office. Wikipedia. 2022. Davenport Community School District. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. San Francisco, California. Wilbur, E.B. 1893. Communicated. The Argus. South Sioux City, Nebraska. p. 2. column 5. November 3, 1893. ... Most men after they have succeeded in the elimination of natural beauty seek to reinstate it ..." (part of a commentary by Ada Hayden (1919b) supporting the preservation of native prairie). Ada Hayden was born a little north of Ames, Iowa in August 1884 to David and Christina Hayden. Fortunately for science, Ada's parents left a swathe of native prairie on their 80-acre farm undisturbed for Ada to investigate and that set the stage for her future in education, as well as her research in botany and prairie conservation (Ames Historical Society 2016, Seavey 1993). Ada met Prof. Louis Pammel when she was still at student at Ames High School and after graduating in 1904 (Seavey 1993) she enrolled at Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). She followed Pammel's recommendation, studied botany, and earned her bachelor's degree in 1908. Ada continued her studies in botany and graduated with a master's degree from Washington University in St. Louis in 1910. After graduate work at the University of Colorado and the University of Chicago, Ada returned to Iowa State College as a botany instructor and a graduate student in 1911. In 1918 she became Iowa State's first female Ph.D. conferee and that same year she joined the College as an assistant professor in the botany department (Ames Historical Society 2016, Anonymous 1950, Lewis 2013a, Seavey 1993, Tiffany 1985, White 2016). Dr. Hayden taught a variety of classes at Iowa State, including botany, ecology, and phycology, and was a valuable contributor to the herbarium. Her position was changed to a research post at the Agriculture Experiment Station in 1934. That same year Robert I. Cratty retired as curator of the herbarium and Ada Hayden became the de facto curator, a position she retained until her death in 1950 (Ames Historical Society 2016, Lewis 2013a&b, Seavey 1993). As Dr. Hayden matured and her career progressed, her accomplishments accrued — author (e.g. Hayden 1913, 1919a&b, 1934), illustrator (e.g. Pammel 1910 & 1911), photographer (Ames Historical Society 2016, Hovick 2017), field botanist (see the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases), committed advocate for prairie preservation (e.g. Hayden 1945 & 1946, Hayden & Aikman 1949, Lewis 2001). In 1919 Ada wrote "The goddess of agriculture has banished the prairie ... (Hayden 1919)" and during subsequent years, in addition to her botanical research and teaching, she spoke often to educate people about prairie ecology and the need for preservation. Regardless, the state accomplished little in the way of native prairie preservation until 1944, when Dr. Hayden, members of the Iowa Academy of Science, and the State Conservation Commission collaborated on a prairie conservation strategy (Conard 2009, Lewis 2001, White 2016). In the 1940s, the State Conservation Commission had purchased parcels of relict prairie in Howard and Pocahontas counties in Iowa. During the same period, an advisory committee for prairie management was established by the Iowa Academy and Hayden collaborated with John Aikman on a prairie management and preservation study (Hayden & Aikman 1949). Regrettably, soon thereafter, Hayden's career was cut short by a cancer that took her life in 1950. In recognition of her dedication and efforts, the Howard County parcel was named Hayden Prairie, the Iowa State University herbarium was renamed the Ada Hayden Herbarium in 1987, and Dr. Hayden was inducted into the Iowa Women's Hall of Fame in 2007 (Conard 2009, Lewis 2001). The only plant specimen collected by Ada Hayden that is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium is specimen of Schoenoplectus heterochaetus (Slender Bulrush, aka Scirpus heterochaetus) harvested in 1942, but many hundreds of plant specimens she collected may be seen using the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. A small collection of Ada's "Photographs of Iowa Prairies" may be viewed here. .......... Ames Historical Society. 2016. Ada Hayden. Ames Historical Society. Ames, Iowa. Anonymous. 1950. Funeral this afternoon for Dr. Ada Hayden. August 14, 1950. Ames Daily Tribune. Ames, Iowa. in IAGenWeb. Story County Obituaries - posted by Jerry Hale (2010). Conard, Rebecca. 2009. Hayden, Ada. The biographical dictionary of Iowa. University of Iowa Press. Iowa City, Iowa. Hayden, Ada. 1913. Scattering of weeds. in Louis H. Pammel. The weed flora of Iowa. Iowa Geol. Survey. Bull. 4. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 627 - 640. Hayden, Ada. 1919a. The ecologic subterranean anatomy of some plants of a prairie province in central Iowa. Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 6:87-105. Hayden, Ada. 1919b. Conservation of prairie. in Iowa Parks - Conservation of Iowa Historic, Scenic and Scientific Areas. State Board of Conservation. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 283-284 of 328. Hayden, Ada. 1934. Distribution and reproduction of Canada thistle in Iowa. Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 21:355-373. Hayden, Ada. 1945. The selection of prairie areas in Iowa which should be preserved. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 52:127-148. Hayden, Ada. 1946. A progress report on the preservation of prairie. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 53:45-82. Hayden, Ada & J. M. Aikman. 1949. Considerations involved in the management of prairie reserves. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci 56:133-142. Hovick, Emma. 2017. Ada Hayden: The First Woman at Iowa State to receive a Ph.D. Iowa State Daily. March 7, 2017. Lewis, D. 2013a. Ada Hayden: Curator, Iowa State Herbarium, 1934-1950. Ada Hayden Herbarium. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Lewis, D. 2013b. Ada Hayden Herbarium: History. Ada Hayden Herbarium. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Lewis, Deborah Q. 2001. Ada Hayden: Champion of Iowa Prairies. Proc. 17th North Amer. Prairie Conf. pp. 215-219. Pammel, L.H. 1910. A manual of poisonous plants. The Torch Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. pp.43, 66, 116 (and probably others) of 150. Pammel, L.H. 1911. Weeds of the farm and garden. Orange Judd Company. New York City, New York. pp. 128, 129, 138, 185, 186, 195, and others of 281. Seavey, Marcene M. 1993. Ada Hayden. Tallgrass Prairie Seminar. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Tiffany, Lois H. 1985. American Association of University Women Summer Leadership Workshop - Luncheon address. July 20, 1985. White, S.L. 2016. Ada Hayden - Preserving Iowa's Prairies. Ecological Society of America's History and Records. WebLog. Levi Scott Heald, the only child of Artemus and Hannah Parrot Heald, was born September 10, 1859 in Cascade, Iowa. The family moved to Davenport in about 1864. In 1883 Levi and Emma Franck, a native of Sterling, Illinois, were married in the Davenport area. The couple raised two daughters and two sons: Henrietta (1886-1959), Etta (1886-1949), Levi jr. (1891-1952), and Walter (1894-1976) (Ancestry.com. 2022, Harrison 1945). Levi Heald was engaged in the granite/marble monument and mausoleum business in Davenport, Iowa during the 1890-1915 time period. Oakdale Granite Works (supplier of monuments and mausoleums) was established in 1893 and owned by Levi S. Heald in Davenport near the Oakdale Cemetery (Anonymous 1924). In 1902, when Charles J. Parry retired, the partnership between he and Levi S. Heald was terminated, with Mr. Heald taking sole responsibility for a monument business the two had managed together (Nichols & Co. 1902). The Oakdale Marble & Granite Works was located at 2301 Eastern Avenue in Davenport and L. S. Heald was listed as the owner (Anonymous 1912). Levi senior remained active in the granite/marble business with his son until the beginning of 1914. At that time Levi, the elder, retired and Oakdale Marble Works was dissolved, with Levi S. Heald Jr. becoming the sole proprietor of the business (Hardman 1914). In 1928 Levi, the younger, and his two sons established Heald Monuments, Inc., supplanting Oakdale Marble & Granite Works (Cram 1928). A single sheet of Aralia racemosa (Spikenard), which bears no date and was collected south of Oakdale Cemetery, Davenport, Iowa, represents Mr. Heald in the Putnam Museum herbarium. The extent of Mr. Heald's botanical pursuits beyond that single plant collection is anyone's guess. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Levi Scott Heald. Matt Sample family tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1912. Iowa State Gazetteer and business directory. R.L. Polk & Co. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 413. Anonymous. 1924. Oakdale Granite Works. Davenport Democrat and Leader. July 17, 1924. p. 69. Brock, P. 2016. Levi Scott Heald. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Cram. Ralph W. (ed.) 1928. Incorporate to sell monuments under new name. Davenport Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 10. column 1. August 5, 1928. Hardman, J.E. 1914. Notice of dissolution. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 17. column 6. January 2, 1914. Harrison, Hugh. (ed.) 1945. Levi S. Heald, Former head of monument co., dies. Davenport Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 7. column 8. March 2, 1945. Nichols & Co. (ed.) 1902. Among the dealers. The Reporter 35(10):7. Heiser, Charles B. (1920 - 2010)
Charles Bixler Heiser, Jr. was born in Cynthiana, Indiana, in October of 1920 to Charles and Inez Heiser; his brother Jack (John) was born two years later in Princeton (Ancestry.com 2022). The family lived in several Indiana localities, but they ultimately established roots in Belleville, Illinois and it was there that Charles completed high school (Pickersgill & Anderson 2011, Zaltsberg 2010). In 1939 he moved about 20 miles northwest of Belleville to major in botany and English at Washington University (St. Louis, Missouri). He was a three-year basketball letterman and even coached the university's basketball team, while he was a grad student during World War II. Heiser earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from Washington University (1942 and 1943, respectively) and married Dorothy Gaebler in August 1944. The couple then moved on from St. Louis to Berkeley, California, where in 1947 Charles earned his Ph.D. at the University of California (Pickersgill & Anderson 2011, Wyss 2010, Zaltsberg 2010). Dr. Heiser accepted a position as an assistant professor of botany at Indiana University shortly after his graduation from Berkeley, which resulted in a 50-year career in Bloomington. Charles became an influential ethnobotanist, with a particular interest in Helianthus (e.g. Heiser 1954, Schilling & Heiser 1981). His sunflower research produced investigations in hybridization (e.g. Heiser 1947, 1963) and the plant's importance to some of North America's native peoples (e.g. Heiser 1951). Though his focus was on sunflowers, Heiser also published works on crop plant evolution (e.g. Heiser 1979b, 1988) and on the economic importance of various members of the Solanaceae, like naranjillas (e.g. Heiser 1972, 1985a), eggplants, and chili peppers (e.g. Heiser 1987, Smith & Heiser 1957). He even completed research on gourds (e.g. Heiser 1979a), amaranths (e.g. Heiser 1964), and chenopods (Heiser & Nelson 1974). All-in-all it's perhaps easiest to summarize the research interests of Dr. Charles Heiser, by simply listing the titles of three books he authored - "Of plants and people" (Heiser 1985b), "Seed to Civilization: the story of food" (Heiser 1990), "Weeds in my garden: observations on some misunderstood plants" (Heiser 2003). Dr. Heiser's research took him to Columbia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru. He even visited Cuba in 1969, when he, his wife, and two children were aboard a plane destined for Guayaquil, Ecuador that was hijacked to Havana (one of 34 hijackings to Cuba that year (World Heritage Encyclopedia 2017)). During his tenure at the University of Indiana, Dr. Heiser taught classes in economic botany, ethnobotany, plant evolution, plant systematics, and plant taxonomy. Twenty-nine Ph.D. and many master's students received their degrees with him as their major professor. He even introduced two non-invasive ornamental plants to the nursery trade: a peperomia (Peperomia serpens 'tena'), originally collected near Tena, Ecuador and the ball loofah (Luffa operculata in the Cucurbitaceae), which is a native of South America (Anonymous 2015, Pickersgill & Anderson 2011, Wyss 2010). Charles Heiser is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Helianthus strumosus X H. tuberosus. Several hundred additional collections by Dr. Heiser may be viewed using the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Charles Bixler Heiser. GMG Metcalf family tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 2015. Dr. Heiser's Biography. Charles B. Heiser, Jr. Mentor Award. Society for Economic Botany. Heiser, Charles B. 1947. Hybridization between the sunflower species Helianthus annuus and H. petiolaris. Evolution 1:249-262. Heiser, Charles B. 1951. The sunflower among the North American Indians. Proc. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 95:432-448. Heiser, Charles B. 1954. Variation and subspeciation in the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Amer. Midl. Naturalist (1954): 287-305. Heiser, Charles B. 1963. Artificial intergeneric hybrids of Helianthus and Viguiera. Madrono 17:118-127. Heiser, Charles B. 1964. Sangorache, an amaranth used ceremonially in Ecuador. American Anthropologist 66:136-140. Heiser, Charles Bixler. 1972. The relationships of the naranjilla, Solanum quitoense. Biotropica 4:77-84. Heiser, Charles B. & David C. Nelson. 1974. On the origin of the cultivated chenopods (Chenopodium). Genetics 78:503-505. Heiser, Charles Bixler. 1979a. The gourd book. Univ. Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma. Heiser, Charles B. 1979b. Origins of some cultivated new world plants. Annual Rev. Ecol. & Syst. 10:309-326. Heiser, Charles B. 1985a. Ethnobotany of the naranjilla (Solanum quitoense) and its relatives. Economic Botany 39:4-11. Heiser, Charles B. 1985b. Of plants and people. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, Oklahoma. 243 pp. in Wiser, Vivian. 1987. Review: Of Plants and People. Agricultural History 61:72-74. Heiser, Charles Bixler. 1987. The fascinating world of the nightshades: : Tobacco, Mandrake, Potato, Tomato, Pepper, Eggplant, etc. Dover Publications. New York. 200 pp. Heiser, Charles B. 1988. Aspects of unconscious selection and the evolution of domesticated plants. Euphytica 37:77-81. Heiser, Charles B. 1990. Seed to Civilization: the story of food. 3rd edition. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 228 pp. Heiser, Charles B. 2003. Weeds in my garden: observations on some misunderstood plants. Timber Press. Portland, Oregon. 260 pp. Pickersgill, Barbara & Gregory J. Anderson. 2011. Charles Bixler Heiser Jr., 1920 - 2010. National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. Schilling, Edward E. & Charles B. Heiser. 1981. Infrageneric classification of Helianthus (Compositae). Taxon 30:393-403. Smith, Paul G., & Charles B. Heiser. 1957. Taxonomy of Capsicum sinense Jacq. and the geographic distribution of the cultivated Capsicum species. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 84:413-420. World Heritage Encyclopedia. 2017. List of Cuba-US aircraft hijackings. World Library Foundation. Honolulu, Hawaii. Wyss, Kathy. (ed.) 2010. Charles Bixler Heiser Jr., 1920 - 2010. Biology Alumni Newsletter. Indiana University. Bloomington, Indiana. Zaltsberg, Robert S. (ed.) 2010. Dr. Charles Bixler Heiser, PhD, 89. Reporter-Times. Martinsville, Indiana. p. 2. column 3. June 13, 2010. Kathleen Marguerite Hempel, one of John G. and Emma B. Hempel's three daughters, was born May 15, 1890, in McGregor, Iowa. In 1895 John opened a clothing store in Elkader, so the family moved to that community, where Kathleen attended school and graduated from Elkader High School in 1909. She was a student in the College of Letters and Science at the University of Wisconsin for a time, but was forced to withdraw, when ill health caused her to suffer severe hearing loss (Annals of Iowa 1946, Anonymous 1971, Ozarkcheryl 2015, University of Wisconsin 1912). It's not clear when Kathleen became interested in natural history, but she was a student at the "American School of Wildlife Protection" in McGregor Heights along the Mississippi River in northeastern Iowa. Courses in botany, conservation, geology, and the like were taught there by Iowa's natural science luminaries, such as Thomas MacBride, Bohumil Shimek, and Louis Pammel (Carlander 1961, Ozarkcheryl 2015). Ms. Hempel had at least a passing interest in astronomy (Olivier 1918), but she favored ornithology, was an active member of the Elkader Audubon Society (Hempel 1920 & 1921), and published several short pieces on a variety of aspects of "birding" (Anonymous 1971; Conard 1991; Hempel 1918, 1919, 1922b, 1923). Kathleen answered a call from the "U.S. Bureau of Biological Survey in 1920 for bird banders (Hempel 1922a). She kept meticulous records, regularly reported her findings, and she even wrote a couple of short pieces attempting to recruit others into the field (Bureau of Biological Survey 1922, 1924, & 1925, Frederick 1924, Hempel 1922a & 1925). Kathleen seems to have started down a bibliophile and an expressionistic writer path in 1922 with a "letter to the editor" titled "What is your favorite book?" (Hempel 1922d) and her poem "Gray Days" (Hempel 1922c). In 1930 Ms. Hempel's occasional series of book reviews began in the Des Moines Register's "The Tabloid Review Department" (Hempel 1930) and her contributions in that arena continued for about five years (Hempel 1935). As a writer of verse she took part in various poetry groups (Anonymous 1971, Hempel 1922c & 1951). During World War II, some of her works appeared in Ted Ashby's "Getting Around" segment of the Des Moines Register (Hempel 1942 a,b,&c) and her compositions appeared in the same newspaper as late as the 1960s in Harlan Miller's "Over the Coffee" column (Hempel 1960, 1963, 1965). For many years Ms. Hempel was active in the Camp Fire Girls as a Guardian (Hempel 1923, Jones 1916) and she was involved in the Daughters of the American Revolution (Anonymous 1971). During her later years, Kathleen developed cardiovascular problems and she perished on the 5th of September in 1971 (Anonymous 1971). A single undated specimen of Hydrophyllum appendiculatum in the Putnam Museum herbarium collected by K.M. Hempel from Elkader, Iowa is the only representative of Ms. Hempel's interest in botany. Perhaps it's a collection made in conjunction with her studies at the American School of Wildlife Protection. Additional collections by Ms. Hempel are present in neither the SEINet, nor the iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Annals of Iowa. 1946. John Grenville Hempel. The Annals of Iowa. 27:255. Anonymous. 1971. Obituary: Kathleen M. Hempel. Clayton County Register. September 15, 1971. p. 4A. Bureau of Biological Survey. 1922. Bird banding notes. Vol. 1. No. 3. USDA. Washington, D.C. p. 7 of 8. Bureau of Biological Survey. 1924. Bird banding notes. Vol. 1. No. 13. USDA. Washington, D.C. pp. 2 & 11 of 15. Bureau of Biological Survey. 1925. Bird banding notes. Vol. 1. No. 14. USDA. Washington, D.C. pp. 10 of 14. Carlander, Harriet Bell. 1961. The American School of Wildlife, McGregor, Iowa 1919-1941. Proc. Iowa Acad. Science 68(1):294-300. Conard, Rebecca. 1991. American School of Wild Life Protection Historic District. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. U.S. Dept. of Interior. Washington, D.C. Frederick, Lincoln. 1924. Returns from banded birds, 1920 to 1923. Bull. No. 1268. Bureau Biol. Surv. USDA. p. 30 of 56. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1918. Migrating warblers. The guide to nature. 10(9):277. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1919. Notes on nesting bluebirds and house wrens. Bird-Lore. 21:173-174. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1920. Elkader (Iowa) Audubon Society. Bird Lore 22: 412. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1921. Elkader (Iowa) Audubon Society. Bird Lore 23:379 & 402. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1922a. The fun of bird banding. Bull. Mass. Audubon Soc. 6:6-8. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1922b. The whistled call of the Hairy Woodpecker. The Auk. 39:259-260. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1922c. Gray days. Everygirl's Magazine. 10:43. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1922d. What is your favorite book? Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 17. column 6. October 15, 1922. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1923. I call on the Woodpecker families. Everygirl's Magazine. 10:224-225. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1925. Adventures in Bird Banding. The Wilson Bull. 37(2):95-98. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1930. The week's winner. Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. section 10. p. 5. column 3. October 12, 1930. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1935. Whalers of the midnight sun - review. Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. Magazine section. p. 4. columns 3 & 4. March 17, 1935. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1942a. To Poland. Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. ...... Hempel, Kathleen M. 1942b. Stars. Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. ...... Hempel, Kathleen M. 1942c. October. Des Moines Sunday Register. Des Moines, Iowa. ...... Hempel, Kathleen M. 1951. Ballad of Hardin Town. The Annals of Iowa. 31:62-63. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1960. Spring is shy this year. Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 32. column 1. April 8, 1960. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1963. Lady's lament. Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. Local news section. p. 1. column 1. December 8, 1963. Hempel, Kathleen M. 1965. The sleigh ride party. Des Moines Register. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 20. column 1. January 27, 1965. Jones, Richard Lloyd. (ed.) 1916. Society. Wisconsin State Journal. April 3, 1916. p. 5. column 1. Olivier, Charles P. 1918. Report of the American Meteor Society for 1917. Popular astronomy. 26:190-192. Ozarkcheryl. 2015. Kathleen M. Hempel. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. University of Wisconsin. 1912. Directory of officers and students. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 90 of 163. John Higgins (Illinois), H.H. Keyes (New York), Mathilde Schlegel (New York), Constance G. DuBois (Connecticut), Edith A. Ross (Iowa), John M. Holzinger (Minnesota), Charles A. Davis (Michigan), Charles F. Wheeler (Michigan), William S. Moffatt (Illinois), and Emma A. Shumway (Washington) were all members of the Agassiz Association (Bigelow 1892) and all have plant specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium. It is likely they became acquainted with Edith A. Ross via correspondence through the Association and sent plant specimens to her. Edith's personal herbarium was donated to the Putnam Museum in 1931 and that's how John Higgins and other members of the Agassiz Association came to be represented in the Putnam Herbarium. Some confusion exists regarding the exact identity of Mr. Higgins. He was listed as a member and officer of the Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter of the Agassiz Association living at 219 N. Morgan in Chicago (Bigelow 1892, Clute 1891). According to the Chicago Directory, a John M. Higgins living at 219 N. Morgan, was a clerk at 111 County Building [the assumed meaning is that he worked in room 111 of the building] in Chicago (Chicago Directory Company 1892), but "The Naturalists' Directory" listed John Higgins, attorney at law, as a person interested in phaenogamic botany and ferns (Cassino 1894). However ... In the August 5, 1897 issue of the Asa Gray Bulletin, John Higgins published a request for correspondence. His desire was to communicate with someone "who makes a specialty of the origin and meaning of plant names (Higgins 1897b)". More importantly, John listed his address as 136 Hudson Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, which is less than a quarter mile west of Lincoln Park. In May 1897 an article in the Chicago Sunday Tribune included the following statement. "John Higgins, No. 136 Hudson avenue, in charge of the hardy perennials and wild plants at Lincoln Park ... (The Tribune 1897)". So, John Higgins, the member of the Agassiz Association, was also, John Higgins, the botanist at Lincoln Park. But was the Lincoln Park, John Higgins, also the botanically inclined attorney at 219 N. Morgan Street? An unsolved conundrum. John published several short pieces on a variety of topics. "Notes on Poinsettia and plant travel" deals with the aforementioned Euphorb and train mediated dispersal of invasive species. "Vagrant crucifers" describes what Higgins considered to be the invasive nature of various members of the Brassicaceae and some of their other characteristics. In "Vestiges" Mr. Higgins discussed what he called "peculiarities of form and habit" among various members of the plant kingdom and "vestiges of obsolescent organs [that] mark relationship[s] to neighboring orders". In "Hibernating forms of Phlox" Higgins examined the strategies used by plants to survive the rigors of winter. "The victim of a misfit" shared John's observations regarding the pollination of a member of the Apocynaceae (Physianthus albens Mart. = Araujia sericifera Brot.) growing in Cook County's Lincoln Park. His "news and notes" request was for help with plant nomenclature and his commentary titled "Ejection of fern spores" described spore dispersal from a tree fern (Higgins 1893a,b,&d, 1895, 1897a-c). Mr. Higgins' "What are the red parasite house flies?" is the only paper he authored that is a departure from the world of plants. In those few paragraphs John described houseflies that were plagued by "a small red parasite" and he asked for help in understanding the nature of the parasite (Higgins 1893c). But, before all of the above happened, John was lured to southcentral Colorado. As early as January 1883 articles describing Colorado's San Luis Valley with superlative comments like "the garden spot of Colorado" and "the richest valley in the new Southwest" appeared in Chicago newspapers (Inter Ocean Publishing Company 1883, Tribune Company 1884). So perhaps it's not surprising that in the spring of 1885 Mr. Higgins moved from Chicago to that region of Colorado. Higgins found that the area was good for the cultivation of wheat and that, even though the winter of 1885-86 was severe, livestock in the valley fared well, because forage was plentiful. Even so, by May 1886 John had returned to "The Windy City". The farming venture he had attempted to establish in Colorado fizzled out, because an agreement between local farmers and an irrigation company collapsed (Orange 1886). No other information about his experience in Colorado has been uncovered, other than Higgins' published description of the geography and flora of the region (Higgins 1891). Reflective of his publication record discussed above, John Higgins maintained an interest in botany through 1897 (Higgins 1897a,b,&c), but additional information about the rest of his life has not been located. A Hypericum nudicaule (= Hypericum gentianoides) from Illinois and a specimen Polygala polygama from Indiana were collected by Higgins in the 1890s and are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. .......... Bigelow, Edward F. (ed.) 1892. Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter - Agassiz Association. The Observer. 3:192, 224, 352. Cassino, Samuel Edson. 1894. The Naturalists' Directory. in The Scientists International Directory. S.E. Cassino, Publ. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 105 of 279. Chicago Directory Company. 1892. 1892 Chicago Directory. Chicago Directory Company. Chicago, Illinois. p. 693. Clute, Willard N. (ed.) 1891. List of members. Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter - Agassiz Association. The Ornithologist and Botanist. 1:96. Higgins, John. 1891. Flora of the San Luis Valley, Colorado. The Ornithologist and Botanist. 1:87. Higgins, John. 1893a. Notes on Poinsettia and plant travel. Asa Gray Bull. 1(2):6. Higgins, John. 1893b. Vagrant crucifers. Asa Gray Bull. 1(3):4. Higgins, John. 1893c. What are the red parasite house flies? The Observer. 4(2):37. Higgins, John. 1893d. Vestiges. The Observer. 4(5):153. Higgins, John. 1895. Hibernating forms of Phlox. The Asa Gray Bulletin. 3(11):35-37. Higgins, John. 1897a. The victim of a misfit. Asa Gray Bull. 5:1. Higgins, John. 1897b. News and notes. Asa Gray Bull. 5:65. Higgins, John. 1897c. Ejection of fern spores. Asa Gray Bull. 5:67-68. Inter Ocean Publishing Company. 1883. The San Luis Valley. The Daily Inter Ocean. Chicago, Illinois. p. 12. columns 1-3. January 24, 1883. Orange, Judd. (ed.) 1886. Losses in the Arkansas Valley. The Prairie Farmer. May 29, 1886. p. 326. The Tribune. 1897. Time by the petals. The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 37. columns 1-5. May 9, 1897. Tribune Company. 1884. A New Empire - The Great San Luis Valley in southern Colorado. The Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 8. column 4. December 6, 1884. Himmel, Walter J. (1889 - 1941) Walter Joseph Himmel was born in Radcliffe, Iowa in 1889 to Joseph and Annie Himmel (laed 2014). Walter graduated from the high school in Radcliffe in 1908 and earned his bachelor's degree from Ellsworth College in Iowa Falls, Iowa in 1912. (Ellsworth existed as a four-year school from 1898 to 1928 (Batesel 2017).) In 1922 he received his M.S. from the University of Iowa, when he investigated the morphology of Ambrosia (Himmel 1922) and he earned the Ph.D. in 1924 from the same school (Seacrest 1941, Leysen 1924). During his time in Iowa City, Himmel worked as a laboratory assistant in zoology (Wylie 1916) and botany (Bates 1924) at Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. Himmel was the principal of the Ida Grove High School (Ida Grove, Iowa) from 1912 to 1915. He then accepted a position as a biology instructor at Morningside College (Sioux City, Iowa) from 1915 to 1917; while there he was also the band director and a member of the athletics staff. After completing his doctoral work, Prof. Himmel served as a biology professor at Macalester College (St. Paul, Minnesota) until 1927 and then he accepted a faculty position as an assistant professor of botany at the University of Nebraska (Lincoln, Nebraska), where he remained until his death in 1941 (Seacrest 1941, Heilman 1916). In addition to his work in the field of plant physiology (e.g. Himmel 1927 & 1933, Weaver & Himmel 1929, 1930, 1931), Dr. Himmel was an ornithologist (Palmer 1921, Stephens 1925), an experienced trumpeter, and a band/orchestra director (Seacrest 1941, Heilman 1916). Himmel is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by 1932 collections of Liatris pycnostachya and Eryngium yuccifolium from Muscatine. A few additional specimens collected by Himmel in Iowa and Minnesota are available for review via the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Bates, W.H. (secretary). 1924. Secretary's report. State University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. pp. 86 & 132. Batesel, Paul. 2017. Ellsworth College - Iowa Falls, Iowa (1890-1928). in America's Lost Colleges. Mayville State University. Mayville, North Dakota. Heilman, E.C. 1916. Catalog of Morningside College 1915-1916. Morningside College. Sioux City, Iowa. Number 30. pp. 13, 14, 57, 106, 117. Himmel, Walter J. 1922. A morphological study of Ambrosia. Unpubl. master's thesis. State University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Himmel, Walter J. 1927. A Contribution to the biophysics of Podophyllum petioles. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 54:419-451. Himmel, Walter J. 1933. The tropograph and its use. Plant Phys. 8:337-340. laed. 2014. Walter J. Himmel. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1924. Commencement is largest held in Iowa for August. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 18. column 1. August 23, 1924. Palmer, T.S. 1921. Thirty-Eighth stated meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union. The Auk 38:89-105. Seacrest, J.C. (president). 1941. Walter J. Himmel, professor of botany dies. Lincoln Evening Journal. July 24, 1941. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 9. Stephens, T.C. (ed.) 1925. Membership roll. The Wilson Bulletin 37:115 &185. Weaver, J. E. & W. J. Himmel. 1929. Relation between the Development of Root System and Shoot under Long- and Short-Day Illumination. Plant Phys. 4:435-457. Weaver, J. E. & W. J. Himmel. 1930. Relation of increased water content and decreased aeration to root development in hydrophytes. Plant Phys. 5:69-92. Weaver, J. E. & W. J. Himmel. 1931. The environment of the prairie. Bulletin 5. Cons. & Survey Div. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, Nebraska. 50 pp. Wylie, Robert Bradford. (director). 1916. Staff of the Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. Bull. State Univ. Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. p.238. Hitchcock, Albert Spear (1865 - 1935)
A.S. Hitchcock was born in September of 1865 in Owasso, Michigan to Albert and Alice Jennings. Records are murky, but it appears Albert was adopted by John and Elizabeth Hitchcock soon after his birth, due to the death of his biological mother. He was christened Albert after his birth father and Spear for his adoptive mother's maiden name (Andreola & Hitchcock 2016). He earned three degrees at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University). Albert first studied botany under the direction of Charles Bessey and earned his B.S. degree in agriculture (1884). He was interested in chemistry and continued his education at Iowa State until 1886, when he was awarded an M.S. in that field (Ancestry.com 2022, Chase 1936, Hunt Institute 2016, Perry et al. 2008). After earning his master's degree, Hitchcock accepted employment as a chemistry instructor at the State University of Iowa (Iowa City, Iowa), where he was also a contributor to the herbarium, until 1889 (Chase 1936, Pickard 1899, State Univ. of Iowa 1887 & 1988, 1889). He relinquished his chemistry position and returned to the field of botany in 1889, when he had the opportunity to work under William Trelease at the Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, Missouri). While there, Hitchcock was curator of the Garden's herbarium and a librarian, as well as being a botany instructor at Washington University (Hunt Institute 2016, Perry et al. 2008). Then in 1892, Hitchcock moved on to Manhattan, Kansas. In Manhattan, Albert become a botany professor at Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University), a position he retained until 1901 (Hunt Institute 2016, Perry et al. 2008). Soon after arriving, Hitchcock began contributing to Kansas State's student newspaper "The Industrialist". His topics varied from invasive species (Hitchcock 1892) to economic botany (Hitchcock 1893a) to book reviews (Hitchcock 1896) to herbarium work (Hitchcock 1897), to magic (Hitchcock 1900), and, of course, grasses (Hitchcock 1894). His commentaries were brief, informative, and commonly entertaining (e.g. Hitchcock 1895 & 1898). In addition to those popular articles published in "The Industrialist", Albert Hitchcock published many scholarly articles. Though some focused on Manhattan proper (Hitchcock 1893b & 1894a), Hitchcock's academic topics, like those in "The Industrialist", were diverse. When he left Kansas State, Hitchcock was named the assistant chief in the USDA's Division of Agrostology and in 1905 he became the USDA's grass systematist and custodian of the Section of Grasses at the U.S. National Herbarium (Hunt Institute 2016, Perry et al. 2008). Hitchcock's USDA tenure was a remarkably productive period, when he authored over 250 publications, which for the most part were agrostology related. Some of Albert Hitchcock's published works are listed below, but interested individuals are encouraged to refer to Google Scholar for a more complete tally. During his career, Hitchcock was an enthusiastic field botanist, whose notebooks recorded his trips to all states in the U.S. and many localities throughout the world. In fact, Hitchcock pushed a wheelbarrow, tailor-made to his specifications (pictured here), to facilitate plant collecting on foot. His love of fieldwork is illustrated nicely in the following quote from Albert, that was shared by Agnes Chase in her eulogy of him. In it, Hitchcock described his excursions in the Gulf Coast's salt marshes. "I waded through water almost up to my knees, pushed my wheelbarrow, and still managed to keep my collection dry. The mosquitoes were very bad. I had to put on my coat, put cheesecloth around my head and a pair of extra socks on my hands. My shoes had worn through and my feet were blistered.... But, for all the discomforts, the collecting was magnificent, and I felt fully repaid" (Hunt Institute 2016). In addition to his unflagging dedication to grass research, Hitchcock was an active member of a number of professional societies, was involved in standardizing plant nomenclature, and generously offered his time, counsel, and encouragement to colleagues and interested students. He was even one of the early advocates for the preservation of Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal zone as a nature preserve and research facility (Chase 1936, Hunt Institute 2016, Rankin et al. 1936). Five specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium were collected by A.S. Hitchcock: Eclipta alba, Chelone glabra, Comandra umbellata, Bouteloua oligostachya, and Muhlenbergia mexicana. Thousands of additional Hitchcock specimens may be viewed via the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Albert S. Hitchcock. Harris family tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Andreola, Nick & Tom Hitchcock. 2016. Albert Spear Hitchcock (1865 - 1935). WikiTree. Notable botanists. Chase, Agnes. 1936. Albert Spear Hitchcock. Science. 83:222-224. Hitchcock, A.S. 1892. Notes on some Kansas weeds. The Industrialist. 18(9):1-2. October 22, 1892. Hitchcock, A.S. 1893a. Some staple food plants. The Industrialist. 19(8):1. October 28, 1893. Hitchcock, A.S. 1893b. The woody plants of Manhattan in their winter condition. Mercury Publishing House. Manhattan, Kansas. 141 pp + illustrations. Hitchcock, A.S. 1894a. A key to the spring flora of Manhattan. Mercury Publishing House. Manhattan, Kansas. 35 pp. Hitchcock, A.S. 1894b. Distribution of Kansas grasses. The Industrialist. 19(37):1-2. May 26, 1894. Hitchcock, A.S. 1895. A trip through western Kansas. The Industrialist. 21(3):1-2. September 21, 1895. Hitchcock, A.S. 1896. The great world's farm. The Industrialist. 22(14):2. November 30, 1896. Hitchcock, A.S. 1897. Preparation of a herbarium. The Industrialist. 21(29):1. March 29, 1897. Hitchcock, A.S. 1898. Camping in Florida. The Industrialist. 24(9):632-636. November 1898. Hitchcock, A.S. 1900. Magic. The Industrialist. 26(30):411-413. April 24, 1900. Hitchcock, A.S. 1909. Collecting and camping afoot. Popular Sci. Monthly 75:275-280. Hitchcock, A.S. 1913. Mexican grasses in the United States National Herbarium. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium 17:181-389. Hitchcock, A.S. 1921. The type concept in systematic botany. Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 8:251-255. Hitchcock, A.S. 1927. The grasses of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium 24:I-XX. Hitchcock, A.S. 1930. The grasses of Central America. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium 24:552-762. Hitchcock, A.S. 1936. Manual of the grasses of the West Indies. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Misc. Publ. 243. Washington, D.C. Hunt Institute. 2016. Hitchcock-Chase. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hitchcock, A.S. & Agnes Chase. 1910. The North American species of Panicum. Vol. 15. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium. Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum. Washington, D.C. 396 pp. Pickard, J.L. 1899. Historical sketch of the State University of Iowa. Annals of Iowa 4(1):1-66. (see p. 47). Rankin, Roy, L. E. Melchers and W. B. Wilson. 1936. Albert Spear Hitchcock. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 39:36-38. State University of Iowa. 1887 & 1888. Catalogue of the State University at Iowa City, Iowa. State University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. year 1887: p. 7, 29. year 1888: pp. 7, 34, 35, 78, 102. State University of Iowa. 1889. Catalogue of the State University at Iowa City, Iowa. G.H. Ragsdale, state printer. Des Moines, Iowa p. 9. Holway, Edward Willet Dorland (1853 - 1923) E.W.D. Holway (photos here), banker, botanist, and mountaineer, was born to George and Amy Marie Holway in Adrian, Michigan in February of 1853 (Ancestry.com 2022). When he was about a year old, his family loaded their possessions into a covered wagon and moved to a farm near Hesper in Winneshiek County, Iowa and it was there in Hesper that Edward's brother, William, was born. Edward attended the public schools about 15 miles south in Decorah, Iowa, but unfortunately the young Holway was plagued by poor health, which interfered with his activities. In an attempt to improve her son's general physical condition and to share her love of nature, Maria Holway took Edward on frequent hikes through the area's rolling topography (Ancestry.com 2022, Dearness 1946, Pammel 1928). She could not have known how much that early introduction to the out-of-doors would influence her son's future. Ironically, E.W.D. Holway the somewhat feeble youth, became E.W.D. Holway the well-known mountaineer of Canada's Selkirk Mountains (Palmer 1914, 1931). His trekking/climbing exploits in North America began in 1901 when, according to Holway, "The summer of 1901 was one of the hottest ever known. The thermometer stood at 106° on the top of a high tower in Decorah. I had not had my vacation, so I took down my atlas to find the nearest place that seemed likely to be cool. The Canadian Rockies looked good, so I went to Banff ..." (Palmer 1931). From Banff, Holway traveled the 40-some miles northwest to visit Lake Louise, where he admired Mt. Victoria to the southwest and, apparently on something of a whim, he hired climbing guide Hans Kaufmann. On August 1st the pair summitted Mt. Victoria (elevation 11,000+ feet) during a trek that included thunderstorms on the ascent, a blizzard at the summit, and steady rain on the descent (Palmer 1931, Wikipedia 2022) — an adventure that serves well to illustrate the dramatic transformation of Holway from frail youth to robust adult. In subsequent years, Holway, often with fellow University of Minnesota botanist Fred K. Butters (see Mt. Butters & Butter's Lake) in British Columbia) and explorer Howard Palmer (see Mt. Palmer in Alberta), climbed widely in the Selkirks and reached the summit of 23 peaks that exceeded 10,000 feet. Holway recounted many of his experiences in the Selkirks and Rockies via papers he published between 1909 and 1918 in "The Canadian Alpine Journal" (e.g. Holway 1915, 1916, 1917). It's entertaining to read the description written by Butters of the once frail Holway, "On the trail and in the mountains the only fault to be found with him was that his unfailing energy sometimes wore out us mere mortals who tried in vain to keep up the pace (Birrell 2017)." One honor bestowed upon E.W.D. Holway in recognition of his contributions to mountaineering in British Columbia was the dedication of his alpine namesake, Mount Holway, near Revelstoke, British Columbia (Birrell 2017, Dearness 1946, Palmer 1914, Pammel 1928). Again, though Holway the adult was a fit and vigorous alpinist, Holway the youth suffered from a debilitating ailment that squashed his desire for a college education. Because ill-health derailed his ambition to become a civil engineer, young Holway (at about age 15) accepted a position at the Winneshiek County Bank in Decorah. That decision led to financial security, as his career successfully progressed from teller, to cashier, to vice-president. Then the 51-year-old Holway is alleged to have told a friend that he "would rather be a living worker in the field of science than a dying millionaire" and in 1904 he retired from a 35-year career at the Winneshiek County Bank (Butters 1924, Dearness 1946, FamilySearch 2017, Pammel 1928). Young Holway, the student, was a collector: first coins, but eventually insects and various natural history objects. Holway, the adult, continued in the same vein, but his attentions turned to the flowering plants and then the fungi of Iowa near his home. During his years as a banker, Holway was known to often spend his personal time hiking through much of Decorah's countryside on botanical forays. His perceptive observations of the local flora generated a number of questions, which led Edward to seek counsel from Dr. Charles Bessey and J.C. Arthur at Iowa State University (Arthur 1923, Pammel 1928, Shimek 1905). From the 1870s through 1892, the vast majority of Holway's botanizing was confined to Iowa (iDigBio portal 2017). The year 1886 was an exception, when he collected a large number of specimens from the area near Vermillion Lake, Minnesota. At that time Holway, Dr. J.C. Arthur (with the Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota), and Dr. L.H. Bailey (from Michigan Agricultural College) were charged with botanizing the northeastern extremes of Minnesota in order to enhance the knowledge of that region's flora. That year's field work resulted in the publication of "Plants collected between Lake Superior and the international boundary, July, 1886" (Arthur et al. 1887), but in succeeding years Holway traveled widely and focused his collecting on members of the Uredineae (rust fungi). Prior to his retirement from banking in 1904, the preponderance of Edward's collections were from North America (Canada, Mexico, & the U.S.) and he largely focused on the aforementioned rust fungi. For example, during the 1892 through 1895 period, about two-thirds of his collections were made in California, then between 1896 and 1904 he shifted much of his focus and about three-quarters of his 4000+ collections came from various states in Mexico (iDigBio portal 2017). Following retirement from his banking career, Holway moved to Minneapolis, donated his herbarium (which totaled some 19,000 specimens (Pammel 1928)) and personal library to the University of Minnesota (University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy 2017), and accepted an honorary position as Assistant Professor of Botany (Arthur 1923, Butters 1924, Dearness 1946). E.W.D.'s post-banking activities involved travel and collecting from many parts of the western hemisphere — forays that were reported by Holway himself, J.C. Arthur, and others. Countries in which Holway collected extensively included: Canada, Costa Rica (Arthur 1918b), Guatemala (Arthur 1918a&c), Mexico (Holway 1897, 1899, & 1901), Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina (Arthur 1925, Jackson 1926, 1927, 1931a,b,c) and perhaps others. March 1923 found Edward Holway and his wife, Mary, enjoying the pleasant weather of Phoenix, Arizona and planning a trip to South America's Ecuadorian highlands. Tragically, at the end of the month some form of cardiopathy ended his life. The body was cremated and his wife scattered his ashes in the Asulkan Valley of Canada's Glacier National Park (Ancestry.com 2022, Dearness 1946, Spear 1923). Edward D.W. Holway became part of this biographical collection, because one specimen of Mertensia paniculata collected by Holway near Decorah, Iowa in June of 1887 is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Many additional Holway specimens may be viewed via the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Edward Willet Dorland Holway. Judy Killeen (jzack). Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Arthur, J.C. 1923. Notes and Brief Articles: Professor Holway. Mycologia 15(5):239-244. Arthur, J.C. 1918a. Uredinales of Guatemala based on collections by EWD Holway: Introduction, Coleosporiaceae and Uredinaceae . Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5:325-336. Arthur, J.C. 1918b. Uredinales of Costa Rica based on collections by E.W.D. Holway. Mycologia 10:111-154. Arthur, J.C. 1918c. Uredinales of Guatemala Based on Collections by E. W. D. Holway. II. Aecidiaceae, Exclusive of Puccinia and Form-Genera. Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 5:420-446. Arthur, J.C. 1925. The Grass Rusts of South America; Based on the Holway Collections. Proc Amer. Philosophical Soc. 64:131-223. Arthur, J.C., Bailey, L.H. & Holway, E.W.D. 1887. Plants collected between Lake Superior and the international boundary, July, 1886. Minnesota Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. III. pp. 10-43. Birrell, Dave. 2017. Edward W. D. Holway. Mountain People in Peak Finder. Butters, F.K. 1924. Edward W. D. Holway. Bot. Gazette 77:115-116. Dearness, John 1946. E. W. D. Holway, 1853-1923: A Banker's Avocations. Mycologia 38:231-239. Ellis, J.B. and E. W. Holway. 1885. New Fungi from Iowa. Jrnl. of Mycology. 1:4-6. FamilySearch. 2017. Edward Willet Dorland Holway. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah. Holway, E.W.D. 1897. Mexican fungi. Bot. Gazette 24:23-38. Holway, E. W. D. 1899. Mexican fungi II. Bot. Gazette 28: 273-274. Holway, E.W.D. 1901. Mexican fungi III. Bot. Gazette 31:326-338. Holway, E.W.D. 1915. First ascents of Beaver and Duncan. Canadian Alpine Jrnl. 6:99-102. Holway, E.W.D. 1916. First ascent of Mt. Edith Cavell and explorations in the Mt. Longstaff region. Canadian Alpine Jrnl. 7:63-66. Holway, E.W.D. 1917. The Caraboo Mountains. Canadian Alpine Jrnl. 8:30-33. iDigBio portal. 2017. Holway specimens search. Integrated Digitized Biocollections. Jackson, H.S. 1926. The Rusts of South America Based on the Holway Collections: I. Mycologia 18:139-162. Jackson, H.S. 1927. The Rusts of South America Based on the Holway Collections: II. Mycologia 19:51-65. Jackson, H.S. 1931a. The Rusts of South America Based on the Holway Collections: III. Mycologia 23:96-116. Jackson, H.S. 1931b. The Rusts of South America Based on the Holway Collections: IV. Mycologia 23:332-364. Jackson, H.S. 1931c. The Rusts of South America Based on the Holway Collections: V. Mycologia 23:463-503. JSTOR. 2013. Holway, Edward Willet Dorland (1853-1923). Global Plants. McCormick, Carol Ann. 2016. Edward Willet Dorland Holway. Collectors of the UNC Herbarium. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Palmer, Edward. 1931. Edward W.D. Holway: A Pioneer of the Canadian Alps. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis, Minnesota. 81 pp. Palmer, Howard. 1914. Mountaineering and Exploration in the Selkirks: A Record of Pioneer Work Among the Canadian Alps, 1908-1912. G.P. Putnam's Sons. New York City, New York. 439 pp. Pammel, L.H. 1928. Prominent men I have met: Prof. E.W.D. Holway. Ames, Iowa. 16 pp. Shimek, B. 1905. Plants of Winneshiek County. Iowa Geol. Surv. Annual Rpt. 16:147-212. Spear, J.W. 1923. Obituaries: Edward D.W. Holway. The Arizona Republican. Phoenix, Arizona. p. column. April 1, 1923. University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy. 2017. Holway collection. University of Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wikipedia. 2022. Hans Kaufmann (alpine guide). Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. San Francisco, California. Holzer, Lawrence (1819 - 1876) The Reverend Lawrence Holzer (photo here) was born at Ratisbon, Bavaria (known currently as Regensburg) in September of 1819 and his father, a beer brewer, sent young Lawrence to school at the Theological Seminary in Ratisbon. He continued his religious studies, became an ordained priest in May 1845, and two years later, after more than eleven weeks of travel, Holzer arrived in America in March of 1847. He held church positions in Baltimore, Detroit, New York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh (BKGenie 2016, Roth 1933, Voss 1978) and Rochester (Beckwith 1912, Laverdure 1994, Voss 1978). At St. Joseph's Church in Rochester, New York, Father Holzer discharged his duties during three different periods: in the 1840s shortly after his arrival in America, in the 1860s during the Civil War years, and finally in the 1870s until his death (Beckwith 1912). He traveled extensively outside New York (e.g. Canada, Louisiana, & Minnesota) doing missionary work and he was a member of a group of Redemptorist missionaries who ministered primarily to German-speaking people in British North America (Canada and the U.S. Pacific Northwest) (Beckwith 1912, Laverdure 1994, Voss 1978). Outside his clerical work, Holzer was an enthusiastic botanist who collected in bulk and reportedly shared specimens with a variety of European societies and institutions. Father Holzer partnered with other botanists, such as Dr. Chester Dewey (a professor at the University of Rochester), Dr. Charles M. Booth (a horticulturist and botanist who later in his career focused on the introduced plants of the Rochester, New York area), and J.B. Fuller (a nurseryman and field botanist who assisted with "Plants of Monroe County, New York and adjacent territory" (Beckwith & Macauley 1896)) to document the flora of the Rochester area (Beckwith 1912). Rev. Holzer was often listed as collector of record in "Plants of Monroe County, New York" (Beckwith & Macauley 1896). Twenty-six specimens, most of which were collected in the 1860s by Father Holzer, are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A few additional Holzer specimens may be viewed via the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Beckwith, Florence and Mary E. Macauley. 1896. Plants of Monroe County, New York and adjacent territory. Proc. Rochester Academy Sci. Volume 3. Beckwith, Florence. 1912. Early botanists of Rochester and vicinity and the botanical section. Proc. Rochester Acad. Sci. 6:39-58. BKGenie. 2016. Lawrence Holzer. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Laverdure, Paul. 1994. Early American Redemptorists in British North America, 1834-1863. Catholic Historical Review 80:476-496. Roth, Rev. Francis Xavier. 1933. History of St. Vincent's Orphan Asylum, Tacony, Philadelphia : a memoir of its diamond jubilee, 1855-1933. Nord-Amerika Press. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 170 pp. Voss, Edward G. 1978. Botanical beachcombers and explorers . Contrib. Univ. Michigan Herbarium. Vol 13. p. 78 of 100. Holzinger, John M. (1853 - 1929)
John M. Holzinger (photo here) was born in May 1853 in Hachtel, Wurttemberg, Germany and as a teenager emigrated to the United States with his parents in 1868 (Anderson 2000, Muse 1929, White 1929). The family settled in Charles City, Iowa and it was there that John attended high school. He earned his bachelor's degree from Olivet College (Olivet, Michigan) in 1879 (Olivet College 1894) and then completed a Bachelor of Divinity degree from the Yale College School of Religion (New Haven, Connecticut) in 1882 (Day 1882, Embree 1914, White 1929). Holzinger left New Haven and joined the staff at Winona State Normal School (Winona, Minnesota), where he was charged with teaching botany and zoology, as well as curating the museum collections. His tenure in Winona was interrupted during the 1891-1893 time period, when he was an assistant botanist with the USDA in Washington, D.C. During that departure from Winona, John assembled a 3000 specimen herbarium that was displayed at Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. At the close of the exposition the herbarium was transferred to Winona State Normal School and John returned to that institution, where he remained, until his retirement in 1922 (Cochran 2010, Ruggles 1910). In 1884 Sarah Isabella Ritchie accepted John's proposal and the two were married. That union produced three sons: Roy, Carl, and Donald. Roy and Donald, the eldest and youngest sons respectively, were born in Minnesota. Carl's birthplace was Washington, D.C. (Ancestry.com 2022). Holzinger's natural history investigations broached a range of topics. Beginning with his arrival in 1882, John worked alone and with community leaders to expand the Winona State Teachers College Museum of Natural History. He exchanged specimens with other institutions in North America and Europe to convert what started as a small collection of fossils, minerals, and invertebrates into a respected assemblage of natural history elements from around the world and a collection of specimens that accurately represented the Winona region's local flora and fauna. Tragically, on December 3, 1922, fire (photographs here) destroyed the entire collection (Holzinger 1922). Outside the museum John delved into the reproductive cycle of timber rattlesnakes (Crotalus horridus) in the Winona area (Cochran 2010) and he explored the field of conchology, as he promoted the study and exchange of mollusk shells (Averell 1886). He was the first person to collect a new snail species near Winona, Minnesota and the animal was named Pupa holzingeri to commemorate that first collection (Pilsbry 1889, Sterki 1889). Some of Holzinger's botanical publications dealt with specific flowering plants: Amaranthus crassipes (Holzinger 1892) and Talinum sp. (Holzinger 1900b). Others focused on floristics: plants in the vicinity of Lake McDonald, Montana (Holzinger 1900a) and the plants of northern Idaho and adjacent regions of Montana and Washington (Holzinger 1895), but his greater commitment was to bryology. John was one of the original members of the Sullivant Moss Society (Smith 1917) and much of his work focused on that plant group (e.g. Holzinger 1903a&b, 1907, 1910, 1924; Google Scholar). John M. Holzinger was often listed as a collector of record in Upham's (1910) Flora of Minnesota and of the thousands of specimens collected by him that are listed in the iDigBio specimen portal over 70% are from Minnesota (iDigBio portal 2017). Only two specimens (Artemisia & Heliopsis in the Asteraceae) collected by Holzinger near Winona, Minnesota are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Other collections made by him may be seen using the SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. John M. Holzinger. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anderson, Lewis E. 2000. Early History of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society. The Bryologist. 1:3-14. Averell, William D. 1886. The Conchologists' Exchange. Volume 1(1-12):15, 56, 57, 69, 83. Volume 2(1-9):27, 98, 108, 119. Cochran, Philip A. 2010. Rattlesnake eggs and the passing of a torch in Winona County, Minnesota. Archives Nat. Hist. 37:19-27. Day, George E. 1882. Theological Seminary of Yale College, New Haven, Connecticut. in The Congregational Yearbook, 1882. Congregational Publishing Society. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. of 69-75 of 266. Embree, Edwin Rogers. (alumni registrar) 1914. Directory of the living graduates of Yale University. Yale University. New Haven, Connecticut. p. 380 of 676. Holzinger, John M. 1892. On Amarantus [sic] crassipes. Bot. Gazette 17:254-256. Holzinger, John M. 1895. Report on a collection of plants made by J.H. Sandberg and assistants in northern Idaho, in the year 1892. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium 3:205-287. Holzinger, John M. 1900a. Lake McDonald and vicinity. Bull. Amer. Bureau Geography. Volume 1. 17 pp. Holzinger, John M. 1900b. The Geographical Distribution of the Teretifolium Group of Talinum. Asa Gray Bull. 8:36-39. Holzinger, John M. 1903a. On some fossil mosses. Bryologist 6:93-94. Holzinger, John M. 1903b. The moss flora of the Upper Minnesota River. Minnesota Bot. Studies. 3:109-127. Holzinger, John M. 1907. Musci and Hepaticae of Washington, D. C., and Vicinity. The Bryologist. 10:85-92. Holzinger, John M. 1910. Moss flora of the north shore of Lake Superior in Minnesota. The Bryologist 13:50-54. Holzinger, John M. 1922. The loss of the Winona Teachers College museum. The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. p. 2. columns 1&2. December 9, 1922. Holzinger, John M. 1924. Andreaea Baileyi, n. sp. The Bryologist 27:78. iDigBio portal. 2017. Holzinger specimens search. Muse, Will F. (ed.) 1929. Former resident of Charles City dead. Mason City Globe Gazette. Mason City, Iowa. page 12. column 2. June 17, 1929. None to be Forgotten. 2014. John M. Holzinger. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Olivet College. 1894. Catalogue of the officer and students of Olivet College. Frank N. Green, printer. Olivet, Michigan. p. 93 of 118. Pilsbry, H.A. 1889. New and little known American mollusks, no. 2. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 41:411-416. Ruggles, C.O. 1910. Historical sketch and notes, Winona state normal school, 1860-1910. Jones & Kroeger Co. Printer. Winona, Minnesota. p. 145 of 357. Smith, Annie Morrill. 1917. The Early History of the Bryologist and the Sullivant Moss Society. The Bryologist 20:1-8. Sterki, V. 1889. Pupa holzingeri, n.sp. The Nautilus 3:37-39. Upham, Warren. 1910. Catalogue of the Flora of Minnesota. in Part VI. Annual Report of Progress for the Year 1883. Johnson, Smith, and Harrison. Minneapolis, Minnesota. White, H.G. (ed.) 1929. 3-year illness ends in death of J.M. Holzinger. The Winona Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. pp. 1 & 9. June 1, 1929. Joshua Hoopes (photograph here) was born to Joshua and Hannah Martin Hoopes in Chester County, Pennsylvania in February of 1788. Altogether, he had eight siblings — three stepbrothers, one stepsister, three sisters, and a brother (Ancestry.com 2022, DanOh 2009, Fuller et al. 1990). He was among the first students at the Quaker Westtown Boarding School (West Chester, Pennsylvania). Though Joshua initially ran a leather tanning business, he eventually decided that his actual calling was in the field of education (Futhey & Cope 1881, Harshberger 1899). It seems that Joshua started his teaching career at the Lower Merion Academy boarding school in Bala Cynwyd, just northwest of the Philadelphia. In November 1814 he signed a contract specifying that he farm the land surrounding Lower Merion Academy, maintain the school building's condition, and teach/supervise education. In addition, Hoopes was required to pay rent to the school Trustees in the amount of 50¢ per student per quarter for use of the school building, the tillable land, and the farm buildings. Joshua remained schoolmaster/teacher in Bala Cynwyd until 1817, at which time he established a boarding school in Downington, Pennsylvania and remained there until 1834. From Downington he moved on to West Chester, Pennsylvania, where he opened and operated the "Hoopes Boarding School for Boys" for 28 years (Futhey & Cope 1881, Garrett 1864, Harshberger 1899, Lower Merion Historical Society 2008, Pennypacker 1909). Hoopes was married twice. In May 1811 Mary Ralph Garrigues and Joshua were wed in Delaware, Pennsylvania. The couple had two sons, but neither survived beyond infancy (Ancestry.com 2022, Fuller et al. 1990). (Harshberger (1899) wrote that the couple had six children.) Mary perished in November 1849 and Joshua remained a bachelor for four years, but in September 1853 he and Rachel Bassett were married in Wilmington, Delaware — the couple had no children (Ancestry.com 2022, Fuller et al. 1990). Mr. Hoopes was a naturalist and had a love for botany, ornithology, and astronomy. He ultimately decided to focus on the study of plants, because he lacked the finances to purchase the equipment to be anything other than a casual astronomer and the detailed study of birds too often caused the animals to suffer great trauma (a violation of the nonviolent, pacifist tenets of his Quaker faith). Hoopes was assisted in his botanical pursuits by his second wife, Rachel, who was reportedly a skilled botanist in her own right. At some point, Hoopes made the acquaintance of fellow botanists Dr. William Darlington and David Townsend. Darlington published "Florula Cestrica", which was a catalog of the plants growing in the vicinity of West Chester, Pennsylvania (Darlington 1826) and Townsend was a banker and an avid horticulturist. Both men (Darlington and Townsend) helped found the Chester County Cabinet of Natural Sciences and helped Joshua Hoopes learn the local flora (Futhey & Cope 1881, Harshberger 1899, Hoopes 2002). Hoopes was particularly interested in the woody plants of his region and he was cited repeatedly in Darlington's "Flora Cestrica" (Darlington 1853). Buckley (1861, see p. 453) dedicated the genus Hoopesia in the Fabaceae "to Joshua Hoopes, of Westchester, Pennsylvania, a zealous botanist, who has long studied and admired trees." Similarly, Harshberger (1899) wrote that Asa Gray named a composite from Colorado collected by Parry, Hall, and Harbour in 1862 Helenium Hoopesii in honor of Joshua Hoopes' botanical work. However, Gray (1863) wrote the following, "Helenium Hoopesii, n. sp., a most striking species, seeds of which were collected near Pike's Peak in the autumn of 1859, by Mr. Thomas Hoopes" (Gray 1863). So, is the epithet dedicated to Hoopes, Thomas or Hoopes, Joshua? Ten dicot specimens collected by Joshua Hoopes are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Joshua Hoopes. Ennis-Phillips Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Buckley, S.B. 1861. Description of new plants from Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia 13:448-463. DanOh. 2009. Joshua Hoopes. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Darlington, William. 1826. Florula Cestrica. Simeon Siegfried, printer. West-Chester, Pennsylvania. 152 pp. Darlington, William. 1853. Flora Cestrica. Lindsay and Blankiston. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 498 pp. Fuller, Gerald R., June M. Hoopes, & Lillian F. Webster. (eds.) 1990. The Hoopes Family Record. Hoopes Family Organization, Inc. Houston, Texas. p. 99 of 714. . Futhey, J. Smith & Gilbert Cope. 1881. History of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Louis A. Everts. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 606 of 1162. Garrett, C. Alfred (creator). 1864. Joshua Hoopes, Botanist (photograph). Wisconsin Historical Society Archives. Madison, Wisconsin. Gray, Asa. 1863. Enumeration of the species of plants collected by Dr. C.C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall am J. P. Harbour, during the summer and autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory, lat. 39°-41°. Proc. Academy Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 15(3):65. Harshberger, John William. 1899. Joshua Hoopes. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. pp. 164-167 of 457. Hoopes, John Wilton. 2002. Descendants of Robert Howpe. in The Family of John W. Hoopes. Genealogy report. Genealogy.com. Lower Merion Historical Society. 2008. Lower Merion Academy: A Legend in Learning. Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania. Pennypacker, Charles H. 1909. History of Downington, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Downington Publishing Co. Downington, Pennsylvania. p. 56 of 170.
Theodore Hough (2nd photo here) was born in Virginia in June of 1865 to Robert and Virginia Hough (Ancestry.com 2022, inmand15. 2012). He earned his B.A. from Johns Hopkins University in 1886 and then taught at the McDonogh School in Maryland from 1886 to 1889. Hough received his Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893 and then retained a biology professorship at M.I.T. until 1903 (Johns Hopkins University 1902). From M.I.T. he moved on to a biology professorship at Simmons College in Boston (Pitts 1985) and in 1907 he became the chair of physiology at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. At the University of Virginia one of his first projects was to oversee the building and modernization of laboratories for the study of elementary, experimental, and advanced physiology (Pitts 1985). He continued at the University of Virginia and ultimately became dean of the School of Medicine in 1916 (Johns Hopkins University 1902). Hough's research, like his instruction, centered around the field of physiology (e.g. Hough 1895, 1915; Hough & Sedgwick 1906 & 1907). He published 34 papers (Google Scholar, Pitts 1985), which embraced several topics within the field of physiology, such as: exercise (e.g. Hough 1899, 1903), muscle fatigue (e.g. Hough 1900, 1901), and hygiene (e.g. Hough 1910, Hough & Sedgwick 1918, Sedgwick & Hough 1903). Hough's contributions to the Putnam Museum herbarium include Geum virginianum (1889) and Aspidium spinulosum (1888) from McDonogh School in Maryland; Pontederia cordata (1888) from Fredericksburg, Virginia. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Dr. Theodore Hough. Anderson Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Hough, Theodore. 1895. On the escape of the heart from vagus inhibition. Jrnl. of Physiology 18:161-200. Hough, Theodore. 1899. A review of Swedish gymnastics. George H. Ellis, printer. Boston, Massachusetts. 41 pp. Hough, Theodore. 1900. Ergographic studies in muscular fatigue and soreness. Jrnl. Boston Soc. Med. Sci. 5:81. Hough, Theodore. 1901. Ergographic studies in neuro-muscular fatigue. Amer. Jrnl. Physiology 5:240-266. Hough, Theodore. 1910. The problem of ventilation. Amer. Jrnl. Public Hygiene. 20(2):211-215. Hough, Theodore. 1915. The classification of nervous reactions. Science 41:407-418. Hough, Theodore & William T. Sedgwick. 1906. The human mechanism. Ginn & Company. Boston, Massachusetts. Hough, Theodore & William T. Sedgwick. 1907. Elements of hygiene and sanitation: being part II of "The human mechanism: its physiology and hygiene and the sanitation of its surroundings". Ginn & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. Hough, Theodore & William T. Sedgwick. 1918. Elements of Physiology: Being Part I of "The Human Mechanism: Its Physiology And Hygiene And the Sanitation of Its Surroundings". Rev. ed. Ginn & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. inmand15. 2012. Theodore Hough. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Johns Hopkins University. 1902. University Register. Register for 1901-1902. pp. 78 & 93. Pitts, Grover C. 1985. History of physiology at the University of Virginia. Physiologist 28:402-406. Sedgwick, William T. & Theodore Hough. 1903. What Training in Physiology and Hygiene May We Reasonably Expect of the Public Schools? Elementary School Teacher 4:132-144. Howell, Thomas J. (1842 - 1912)
Thomas Jefferson Howell, the youngest of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Matthews) Howell's five children (three boys and two girls), was born in Pisgah, Missouri in October of 1842 (Ancestry.com 2022). His father, wishing to avoid life in a slave state, loaded up the family in 1850 and joined a wagon train headed for Oregon. Coincidentally, the Oregon Donation Land Law was passed in 1850 and it stipulated that a married couple could take legal, permanent, possession of 320 acres of land, if the homesteaders resided on the parcel for four years and made improvements to it (Robbins 2017). Whether that contributed to the Howells' move is anybody's guess, but, at any rate, the family arrived in Hillsboro, Oregon in October of 1850 and the following year they settled on Sauvie Island, about 90 miles by water on the Columbia River from the Pacific Ocean (Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008). Though he was a trained physician, Benjamin Howell did not practice the vocation and was convinced that his sons should all be farmers. So, by 1853 the family had laid claim to a 240-acre tract on Sauvie Island and set about clearing and farming the parcel. The Howell boys received neither conventional education (or at least very little of it), nor much formal instruction from their father — they more-or-less taught themselves to read. In fact, for Thomas, classroom education began and ended with a three-month stint at Sauvie Island's first school in 1855 (Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008). In spite of the brevity of his formal instruction, Thomas Howell became interested in the native plants growing on the family farmstead and the older he got, the more botanically inclined he became. Life on the farm evidently lacked sufficient appeal for Thomas and he began to travel throughout the Northwest, but he particularly favored botanizing southwestern Oregon. It was in the area of the Siskiyou Mountains where he was first to discover several species new to Oregon (Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008). Since he was the pioneer botanist of the region, little reference material was available to help him in plant identification. Howell often enlisted the aid of prominent botanists of the time, like Liberty Hyde Bailey (Cornell University), George Engelmann (St. Louis), Asa Gray (Harvard University), Edward L. Greene (Univ. of California), George Vasey (U.S. National Herbarium), and Sereno Watson (Harvard University), for plant identification assistance (Howell 1880-1883, Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008). In order to finance his botanical pursuits, Thomas sold specimens he'd collected, pressed, and dried for from 4¢ to 10¢ each. His advertising program consisted of a flier sent to prospective customers entitled Howell's list of botanical specimens (Howell 1880). Though a person of cheerful disposition and botanical enthusiasm, Howell invested poorly and was perpetually financially spent (pun intended). When he married the widow Effie McIlwane, their family, in addition to her daughter, grew to include two sons, but the family's financial circumstances failed to blossom. For a time Thomas was the postmaster at Creighton (as he had been in the 1870s at Sauvie Island's Willamette Slough post office). He eked out a living by running a grocery store and by operating a laundry. Thomas even sold mittens he made (@ 7¢ a pair) to teamsters (Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008, Smith 1913). In spite of the financial hardships, Howell continued to collect plants, sell specimens, and assemble information for his flora of the Pacific Northwest. Starting in about 1882 and continuing for the next 21 years, T.J. Howell created his flora in seven parts. The publishers refused to deal with the botanical terminology of the flora (perhaps because Howell's penmanship was borderline indecipherable), so Howell set the type and brought the typeset pages of the manuscript to the printer himself. By 1903 his "A Flora of Northwest America" consisted of 792 pages and 3150 species (Howell 1903). The tome was a $5.00/volume financial failure, but was praised by botanists as a marvelous achievement and it remained the authoritative reference for the flora of the Pacific Northwest until the first volume of "Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest" (Hitchcock et al. 1955-1969) was published 50+ years later (Kruckeberg & Ornduff 2003, Lange 1955, Love 2016, Ornduff 2008). The botanical, employment, and financial challenges shouldered by Howell and his family are truly remarkable and expressed compellingly in his correspondence with Edward L. Greene, which was summarized nicely by Lange (1955). It's somehow comforting to know that many of Howell's better educated peers recognized the enormity of the task his flora represented and the nature of their appreciation is expressed before his death in the following quotes. Regarding Howell's Flora of Northwest America, "Only those who have been actively engaged in writing manuals of systematic botany can imagine what such an undertaking means, what difficulties are met with and what an amount of work is needed. If the fact is taken into consideration that Howell had to work far away from our large collections and botanical libraries with scarcely any other facilities than those afforded by his private library and collections the excellence of the work is really surprising (Rydberg 1904)." Regarding Howell's character and work ethic, "The conscientious striving for truth, which distinguishes the work of this botanist, his independence in asserting his own views, and his thorough, careful work command our respect; while the enthusiasm and self-denial, which have resulted in the publication of a work of this magnitude by an author comparatively poor in money, at his own expense, commands again our admiration (Eastwood 1898)." Effie May Hudson and Thomas Howell were married November 12, 1893 in Marion, Oregon; the couple raised two sons, Dorcey and Benjamin. Thomas survived until just beyond his 70th birthday (Ancestry.com 2022). It's interesting to note that notices in Portland's Oregon Daily Journal list the time, place, and date of funeral services for Thomas J. Howell, but made no mention of his botanical career or, for that matter, anything about his life at all. On the other hand, two months earlier obituaries for Joseph Howell, Thomas' brother, remarked that the two men had spent many years investigating the flora of the Pacific Northwest. Granted, Joseph was a plant collector (see Oregon State University herbarium), but it seems he made a living as a farmer (Liston pers. comm., Norman et al. 2022) and it's a shame that Thomas appears to have received no credit in the local press at the time of his passing for his monumental botanical accomplishments. Over 300 T.J. Howell specimens, primarily from the Pacific Northwest, are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium, all of which were part of the personal herbarium assembled by botanist and civil engineer Charles W. Irish. Additional Howell collections may be viewed via the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria, SEINet and iDigBio specimen databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Thomas Jefferson Howell. Kensil Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Eastwood, Alice. 1898. Review - Howell's Flora of Northwest America . Erythea 6(5):58-60 Hitchcock, C. Leo, Arthur Cronquist, Marion Ownbey, and J. W. Thompson. 1955-1969. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Vols. 1-5. University of Washington Press. Seattle, Washington. Howell, Thomas. 1880. Howell's list of botanical specimens. Sauvie's Island, Multnomah County, Oregon. Howell, Thomas. 1880-1883. Correspondence : Howell (Thomas) and Engelmann (George), 1880-1883 . Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, Missouri. Howell, Thomas. 1903. A Flora of Northwest America. Portland, Oregon. 792 pp. + index. Lange, Erwin F. 1955. Edward L. Green and Howell's "Flora of Northwest America". Madrono 13(1):1-4. Liston, Aaron. pers. comm. 2023. Herbarium Director. Department of Botany & Plant Pathology. Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon. Love, Rhoda. 2016. Thomas Howell (1842-1912). The Oregon Encyclopedia. Oregon Historical Soc. Portland, Oregon. Kruckeberg, Arthur K. & Robert Ornduff. 2003. Thomas Jefferson Howell (1842-1912): the untutored, impoverished botanist.. Oregon Flora Newsletter 9:1 & 12. Ornduff, Robert. 2008. Thomas Jefferson Howell and the First Pacific Northwest Flora. Kalmiopsis 15:32-41. Norman, Kate, Aaron Liston, & Scott Sundberg. 2022. Collectors in the specimen database. Oregon State University Herbarium. Corvallis, Oregon. Robbins, William G. 2017. Oregon Donation Land Act. The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society. Rydberg, P.A. 1904. Howell's Flora of Northwest America. Torreya 4:70-72. Smith, Huron H. 1913. Thomas Howell. Bot. Gazette 55:458-460. Stevens, Mark & Glorene. 2016. Thomas J. Howell. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Hutchinson, Rev. Hugh (1819 - 1855) Hugh Hutchinson was a native of Ireland, ordained by the Presbytery of Bainbridge [sic] (Ireland) and emigrated to the United States in about 1852 (Anonymous 1856). In 1853 Reverend Hutchinson started his career in Iowa serving the First Presbyterian Church in Muscatine (Belden 1864, Richman 1911). Between 1854 and his death in November 1855, Reverend Hutchinson supervised activities at the church in Berlin, Iowa and then the newly organized Presbyterian Church in Princeton, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2022, Downer 1910, Hubbard 1907, Richardson 1882, Wicks 2016). [Note: Originally the town of Parkhurst was platted a few hundred feet north of LeClaire. Parkhurst was renamed Berlin and eventually incorporated within LeClaire, Iowa (Downer 1910, p. 259; Sanders 1852).] Over 400 of Hutchinson's collections from England, Ireland, and Scotland are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. All of the specimens are mounted in a single bound volume, which holds this note: "Rev. H. Hutchinson. Supplied at LeClair. Came out here from Pennsylvania for his health. Died here." No additional information about Rev. Hutchison's life has been located. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Hugh Hutchinson estate. Scott County, Iowa Probate Records. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1856. In relation to the decease of three of their members during the past year. The Presbyterian Banner and Advocate. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. December 13, 1856. Belden, E. L. 1864. History of the First Presbyterian Church of Muscatine, Iowa. Annals of Iowa. pp. 376-382. Downer, Harry E. 1910. History of Davenport and Scott County, Iowa. Vol. 1. S.J. Clarke Publishing Company. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 233 & 259 of 1011. Hubbard, Joseph W. 1907. The Presbyterian Church in Iowa: 1837-1900. The Superior Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. p. 125 of 267. Richardson, D.N. (committee chairman). 1882. History of Scott County, Iowa. Inter-state Publishing Company. Chicago, Illinois. p. 1105 of 1265. Richman, Irving Berdine (ed.) 1911. History of Muscatine County, Iowa: From the earliest settlements to the present time. S.J. Clarke Publ. Co. Chicago, Illinois. p. 332 of 489. Sanders, Addison. 1852. Towns of LeClaire and Parkhurst. Democratic Banner. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. columns 2 & 3. February 27, 1852. Wicks, Ruth (Hickman). 2016. Rev. H. Hutchinson. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Henry Ibbotson, son of John and Elizabeth Ibbotson, was born at Ganthorpe, near Castle Howard, Yorkshire, England. His father was a gardener and may have influenced Henry's future preoccupation with botany. The 1861 census records list Ibbotson as a gardener at Castle Howard Reformatory School in Welburn (Yorkshire, England) about 30 miles inland from the North Sea. For a time, he was an acting, though evidently less than enthusiastic, "Schoolmaster of Mowthorpe, near Castle Howard" (Chris 2011, herbaria@home 2017, Wilkinson 1906). Ibbotson continued as schoolmaster at Dunnington and at Grimthorpe near Whitwell, Yorkshire (Boase 1897). Mr. Ibbotson botanized various regions of Yorkshire with Richard Spruce (e.g. Spruce 1841 & 1844), but Spruce left England in 1849 and spent the next 15 years exploring much of Amazonia (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) (Harrington 2017, Wilkinson 1907). Though he often partnered with Spruce, Henry Ibbotson was an avid collector in his own right. Ibbotson distributed sets of some of the rarer plant species of Yorkshire and other northern counties of England to interested parties. He was a contributor to Henry Baines' "Flora of Yorkshire" (Baines 1840 (see Ibbetson [sic], Boase 1897). Ibbotson's collections were cited in Newman's (1844) "County lists of the British ferns and their allies", Baker's (1906) "North Yorkshire: Studies of its botany, geology, climate, and physical geography", and in Wilkinson's (1907) "Catalogue of the British plants in the herbarium of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society". Botanical works authored by Ibbotson include: "List of mosses found near Castle-Howard, Yorkshire" (Ibbotson 1843), "Rarer plants near Castle Howard" (Ibbotson 1844), "A catalogue of the phaenogamous plants of Great Britain" (Ibbotson 1848), and "The ferns of York" (Ibbotson 1884). On a different topic, Ibbotson also published "A visitor's guide to Castle-Howard" (Ibbotson 1851), which he advertised as "A descriptive and historical account of the magnificent domain of Castle Howard" and was priced at two shillings and six pence (Ibbotson 1852). Regrettably, Henry Ibbotson fell upon hard times and spent his final years as an impoverished soul. "He was an industrious student of botany, but passed his last years in great penury, earning a scanty living by digging officinal roots for the druggists (Jackson 1885-1900)." Three specimens collected by Ibbotson in Yorkshire during the 1880s are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium — Carex praecox, Helleborus foetidus, Helleborus viridis. Another 247 specimens collected by Ibbotson between 1838 and 1884 may be accessed via the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland herbarium and another one hundred or so may be reviewed via the iDigBio database. .......... Baines, Henry. 1840. Flora of Yorkshire. Longman, Orme, Brown, Greene, and Longman. London, England. 159 pp. Baker, John Gilbert. 1906. North Yorkshire: Studies of its botany, geology, climate, and physical geography. A. Brown & Sons. London, England. Boase, Frederic. 1897. Modern English Biography: I-Q. Vol. 2. Netherton and Worth. Truro, England. Column 2 of 1776 columns. Chris. 2011. Ibbotson, Henry (1814-1886). meiosis.org.uk. Harrington, Kat. 2017. Richard Spruce: Botany on a global scale. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew. Library, Art & Archives blog. Surrey, United Kingdom. herbaria@home. 2017. Henry Ibbotson. Botanical Society of the British Isles. Ibbotson, Henry. 1843. List of mosses found near Castle-Howard, Yorkshire. The Phytologist pp. 781-782. Ibbotson, Henry. 1844. Rarer plants near Castle Howard. The Phytologist pp. 577-579. Ibbotson, Henry. 1848. A catalogue of the phaenogamous plants of Great Britain. H. Bailliere. London. 206 pp. Ibbotson, Henry. 1851. A visitor's guide to Castle-Howard. J. Buckton, printer. Leeds, England. 188 pp. Ibbotson, Henry. 1852. A descriptive and historical account of the magnificent domain of Castle Howard. The Leeds Intelligencer. Leeds, England. p. 4. column 2. December 25, 1852 Ibbotson, Henry. 1884. The ferns of York. 24 pp. Jackson, Benjamin Daydon. 1885-1900. Ibbotson, Henry (1816?–1886). Dictionary of National Biography. Volume 28. pp. 410-411. Newman, Edward. 1844. County lists of the British ferns and their allies. The Phytologist pp. 448-454. Spruce, Richard. 1841. Three days on the Yorkshire moors. The Phytologist. 1:101-104. Spruce, Richard. 1844. A list of the Musci and Hepaticae of Yorkshire. The Phytologist. 2:147-157. Wilkinson, Henry J. 1906. Henry Ibbotson. Yorkshire Philosophical Society annual report for MCMV. Coultas and Volas, printers. York, England. pp. 67-68. Wilkinson, H. J. 1907. Catalogue of the British plants in the herbarium of the Yorkshire Philosophical Society. Yorkshire Philosophical Society. York, England. Irish, Charles W. (1834 - 1904)
Charles W. Irish (photograph here), the eldest of five children produced by Frederick Macy and Elizabeth Ann Irish (née Robinson) (Ancestry.com 2022, Irish & Irish 1964), was born in Scipio, New York, February 11, 1834. After Charles' birth, Frederick left his family in New York, migrated to Terre Haute, Indiana on the Wabash River, where he established a foundry/machine shop for the production of iron moldboard plows invented by Jethro Wood. Elizabeth and Charles joined Frederick sometime later, business was good, and another son, Gilbert, was born to the family. But eventually catastrophe struck, the foundry failed, and Frederick decided he was only likely to be successful farther west (Anonymous 1875, History of Johnson County 1883, Weber 1975). In 1838 Elizabeth and the children returned to New York and Frederick set off on horseback to Burlington (then the capital of Wisconsin Territory, but now in Iowa) on the Mississippi River (Anonymous 1875, History of Johnson County 1883, Iowa Questers 2016, Preston 1909). In June 1838 Iowa Territory was split off from Wisconsin Territory and Robert Lucas was named the first governor of the new jurisdiction. By November 1838 Governor Lucas and a commission began searching for a suitable site for the capital of Iowa Territory and in May 1839 Johnson County was selected (Irish 1868). Frederick selected a plot of land in that county just east of the Iowa River (see northeast section of Iowa City in Millar 1854), where he built a homestead, complete with log cabin, in the area that formally became Iowa City in mid-1939 (Anonymous 1875, Iowa Questers 2016, Irish 1868, Jett 2012, Preston 1909). During 1839 Elizabeth, Charles, and Gilbert again left New York and made their way by railroad, canal, river, and stagecoach to join Frederick in Iowa City, where the family made its permanent home (that came to be known as Rose Hill). Since Iowa was but a newly established territory and Johnson County in its entirety boasted a population of only about 1500 persons (Population.us 2016), little formal education for children was available. Therefore, Charles was in large part self-taught using whatever aid was available from members of his family and/or the community (Preston 1909). Charles' serious interest in science and his commitment to astronomy, botany, and geology led him to the field of civil engineering. His career training was bolstered by the mentorship of Allen Slack and J.I. Wanzer (degreed engineers from the eastern United States), continued self-study, and unflagging dedication to his chosen discipline. Irish's first railroad experience occurred during the early 1850s with the attempt to layout the "Lyons and Iowa Central Railroad" (a project for which Allen Slack was the chief engineer) from Lyons (now part of Clinton, Iowa - see Lyons Township in Harrison & Warner (1874)) on the Mississippi River, on to Fort Des Moines, and ultimately to Council Bluffs in western Iowa on the Missouri River. During that two-year project, Charles started out as an axe man and progressed through various promotions to the rank of assistant engineer (Preston 1909 & 1910). Though bonds were sold, surveys were completed, and construction of the grade had begun, inadequate funding (perhaps via embezzlement by officials of the Lyons and Iowa Central Railroad (Preston 1909 & 1910, Thompson 1989)) caused the project to disintegrate in the middle of 1854 and the now unemployed Charles returned to Johnson County, where he became gainfully employed as a surveyor for the county and as a public school teacher. In the fall of the same year, Miss Abigail Yarbrough was enrolled as one of Irish's students at the Rapid Creek school just north of Iowa City (Aurner 1912, Irish 1913). Apparently, Mr. Irish and Ms. Yarbrough were particularly smitten with each other, because on April 8, 1855 they exchanged wedding vows in Iowa City (Irish 1913, Preston 1909). The latter part of 1856 found Irish, his wife, and infant daughter in newly settled Tama County, Iowa. The family resided near Toledo and Charles worked as the county's first surveyor, as a schoolteacher, and, in 1860, the county's first census taker (Aldrich 1905, Irish 1912, Irish & Irish 1964, Preston 1909). More importantly it was during the early 1860s that Irish was contacted by railroad executive John I. Blair, who intended to beat the Rock Island Line in completing a railway across Iowa. Blair wished to purchase what existed of the Iowa Central Railroad and extend it from Cedar Rapids to the Missouri River. This new railway was destined to become the part of the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad that spanned Iowa and Irish remained with the company until 1866 (Preston 1909). At that time Charles was lured back to Iowa City by the prospect of a more profitable position with the Chicago, Clinton and Western Railway (C.C.&W), plus the better living conditions and opportunities available there for his wife and daughters (Irish 1912, Preston 1909). The C.C.&W was organized to complete a line from Clinton to Oskaloosa, Iowa (Poor 1878), but the venture failed and the Irish family was plunged into a financial pit. Even so, Charles landed a post as the city engineer for Iowa City and for a number of years he planned streets, drainage, and the like for the municipality (Aldrich 1905, Irish & Irish 1964, Preston 1909). During the 1870s, Mr. Irish's railroad work was revived. In the early part of the decade he was involved with various projects in Illinois and in 1878 the profession took Charles to the desert Southwest (Preston 1909). Following the Civil War, dramatic railroad expansion occurred. The Transcontinental Railroad, the Southern Pacific, and others were planned and/or constructed to improve the movement of goods and people throughout the country. (And, of course, there was the enticement of tidy profits.) One goal of the Atchison, Topeka, & Santa Fe Railroad (AT&SF) was to complete a line through Kansas and Colorado to replace the Santa Fe Trail and continue it south through New Mexico to provide a link to the west coast via a connection with the Southern Pacific Railroad. June of 1878 found C.W. Irish in Trinidad, Colorado, from where he was preparing to make his way via stagecoach to Las Vegas, New Mexico. Starting in Las Vegas, Irish and William R. Morley led two survey teams charged with laying out the appropriate routes for the AT&SF railroad grade into southern New Mexico and Arizona (Irish 1878a). Using a roadometer to measure distances (Clayton 1921, Curtis 2015, Irish 1878a) and a barometer to determine elevations, the two engineers (Irish & Morley) led their survey crews through New Mexico from Las Vegas, to Albuquerque, to Socorro, across the San Augustine plains, through the White Mountains of Arizona, and on to Florence, Arizona (Irish 1878a&b). The expedition endured high temperatures, livestock thefts, and dust storms, so severe that "if you don't sit down and hold your nose eyes mouth and ears shut, that you will get them full of sand" (Irish 1878c). Around the 11th of July, while crossing the San Augustine plains the survey team "found two poor fellows (who did not know what it was to cross such as desert) lying down and who had given up all hope of relief. They had nothing to eat or drink for two days and their horse and jackass had given out and had been left 10 or 15 miles behind them" (Irish 1878d). The two men, J.D. Pancake from Illinois and John McVey (apparently from Iowa), were nursed back to health from their near-death experience and departed for Silver City, New Mexico around the 21st of July (Irish 1878d). Having survived the rigors of the expedition and with the survey complete, Charles Irish was in Pueblo, Colorado by the last week of October and had returned to Iowa by November 1878 (Irish 1878e&f). Though he'd only recently returned from a challenging trek through the southwest, Charles Irish accepted a position with the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad to survey a railroad grade from southwestern Minnesota to Fort Pierre along the Missouri River in western Dakota Territory. Survey work began in January 1879 in the vicinity of Tracy, Minnesota and progressed westward to Lake Preston, DeSmet, the Wessington Hills, the Ree Hills, and on to Fort Pierre and the Black Hills region (1882 railroad map). In letters he sent to his wife and daughters in Iowa City, Irish described many of the oddities he viewed and challenges he (and his survey crew) faced during the work across Dakota. C.W. Irish chronicled the pioneer's use of "hay stoves" to cook food and heat sod houses. He described the women whose clothes were coated with a down-like ash and who bore blackened faces broken by tear-stained streaks, where watering eyes had washed the soot from their cheeks. The airborne grime was commonplace, because prairie grasses were the primary substitute for wood and other fuels that were ever so rare commodities in Dakota (Irish 1879a). He recounted wind accelerated prairie fires that were "at once a fearful and beautiful sight" (Irish 1879b), unmerciful swarms of mosquitoes, and his opportunities to practice "medicine". Guns were a necessity for protection and obtaining food. Charles treated one worker who "shot himself through the right leg with a small pocket pistol, wound not dangerous, but the shock to him was terrible (July 17, 1879 - Irish 1879c)" and he performed surgery on another crewman shot while he and laborers were trying to kill jackrabbits for a meal. Irish described the course of events as follows. "Powers was riding on the front seat with Posey as driver, the rear wagon scared up two jack rabbits and at once they pulled out their pistols. Powers leaned over to the left and backward so did Posey who had a pistol cocked in his hand. The fools behind began to fire. Sandborn just behind Powers fired so did Morse. The horse started up and the idiot Posey with a cocked pistol in his hand began to pull in on the reins when off went the pistol. It's a great wonder that he did not kill some one or him self with it. Sanborn and the others kept on firing until Bob Chambers was going to knock some of them down when they began to come to their senses (Irish 1880)." Besides gunshot wounds, Irish's "medical" skills were sometimes in demand for the treatment of other maladies. In messages to his family Charles described how he treated himself and others for afflictions ranging from influenza and frostbite to bone-break (Dengue fever) and malaria (e.g. Preston 1909). This Dakota Territory part of Irish's personal history occurred just five years after Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer's expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills and three years after the same Custer had met his heavenly reward at the Little Big Horn, courtesy of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. Irish had to be well acquainted and on favorable terms with the Sioux, because he obviously wanted to avoid Custer's fate and negotiations were required to gain access to tribal lands for the survey and the eventual construction of the railroad (DenOuden 2011, Irish 1912). At a camp west of the Missouri River between Fort Pierre and the Black Hills, Mr. Irish appeased a group of irate Sioux Chieftains by hiring some of their men. Shortly thereafter, the camp was visited by Lieutenants Hoffmann and Fielder from the fort and a hunting party was sent out for meat to feed the Sioux, the survey crew, and the Cavalry officers. The hunters returned with a deer and an antelope and the following ensued (Irish 1880). "We got two hams. The indians took the rest. Such a feast. They sat up all night to eat the liver and entrails raw. Then they got sick. Lord! How sick. Mrs. Tobacco Sack ate so much that she lay for two days outside her teepe like a dog or hog which has had an overfill. Well at last it went back on her, as it did on all the rest. Then such a time. They would run in all directions and at last some got so sick they could not run at all. Mrs. Tacket lay all day out by the wagon as if dead drunk. Then at times off they go and sit for hours on the tops of the hills nearby all alone. Tacket was included in the lot. I took pity on them at last and running the risk of being shot if I failed to cure began giving them full doses of Squibbs tincture of opium and tonight they are all better (Irish 1880, Squibb 1906)." [Note: Tacket and Mrs. Tacket refer to "Shunk-Hin-Xa-Uha" (One who owns the sorrel horses) and "Cankuluta" (Red Road), who were the son-in-law and daughter of Chief Spotted Tail. Tacket was in fact Charles C. Tackett, an interpreter of French and Sioux (?) descent, who was the grandson of Pierre Dorion. Dorion was hired in mid-1804 to act as an intermediary (interpreter/negotiator) between the Lewis and Clark Expedition and various bands of the Sioux Nation. Similarly, Charles C. Tackett acted as an interpreter for C.W. Irish (Bettelyoun & Waggoner 1998, Burns 1997, ephraim 2014, Irish 1893). Mrs. Tackett was Sarah Tackett, pictured here with her spouse and other girls/women at the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania in 1879 (Dietmar 2015).] Following his railroad career, C.W. Irish was selected in 1886 by President Grover Cleveland to be the United States Surveyor General for Nevada, a period during which his daughter Hannah served as his Chief Clerk (Ames 1889). In 1893 he changed positions and headed the Bureau of Irrigation and Inquiry in Washington, D.C., which put him in charge of evaluating the available water, climate, rainfall, and soil as they pertained to irrigation and crop production for an area from New Mexico to Montana and west to the coast (Anonymous 1904, Irish 1895, Preston 1909). At the end of President Cleveland's second term in 1897, politics came into play, Charles relinquished his federal post, and he was not offered a new one. So, Irish returned to Nevada and set up an engineering practice. He moved to Gold Creek in the northeast corner of the state (approximate location here), where gold was first discovered in 1873. Among other things, Irish managed the operation of the underground Hilda Mine for Dr. Heinrich Mathey of Davenport, Iowa and he managed the Coleman Placer Gold Mining Company (Gold Creek (aka: Hope Gulch), Nevada). By the spring of 1904 nerve damage and kidney disease were taking a severe toll on Irish's body. On September 24th Charles dictated his Last Will & Testament and three days later he died (Anonymous 1904, Nevada State Writers' Project 1941, Pace 2015, Powell 1876, Preston 1909). Though Irish's career focused on the field of civil engineering, his interests ventured into other areas. He reported on meteorological events (Irish 1891b), as well as observations in the field of astronomy. Charles published reports on a meteor explosion (Irish 1875), the total solar eclipse of 1889 (Irish 1889) and the earth's magnetic field (Frost & Stauffer 1886). Mr. Irish even completed a short description of Iowan's emigrating west via the California and Oregon Trails (Irish 1891a). He communicated with explorer John Fremont (Jackson & Spence 1970) and botanists Charles C. Parry, Asa Gray, Thomas J. Howell, and probably others (Preston 1909). Those communications helped Mr. Irish assemble a personal herbarium which consisted not only of his own collections, but those he obtained via exchange with other botanists. Nearly 600 plant specimens from over a dozen states were collected by Charles W. Irish during the latter half of the 19th century. Those plants are part of a 1000+ specimen personal herbarium that Irish amassed and is now part of the overall Putnam Museum herbarium. [A more detailed report of Charles W. Irish's work during 1878 in New Mexico & Arizona may be accessed here.] [A more detailed report of Charles W. Irish's work in Minnesota & Dakota Territory during 1879 & 1880 may be accessed here.] .......... Aldrich, Charles. 1905. Obituary: Charles W. Irish. Annals of Iowa 6(8):639 Ames, J.G. 1889. Official register of the United States containing a list of the officers and employees of the civil, military and naval service. Government printing office. Washington, D.C. p. 602 of 1002. Ancestry.com. 2022. Charles Wood Irish. Hanna-Childs DNA Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1875. In Memoriam: Frederick Macy Irish. Iowa City Daily Evening Press, Feb. 19, 1875, page 4, columns 2-4. Anonymous. 1904. General Charles Wood Irish. Eulogy distributed at funeral service. Aurner, Clarence Ray. 1912. Leading events in Johnson County, Iowa, history. Vol. 1. Western Historical Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. p. 265 of 910. Bettelyoun, Susan Bordeaux & Josephine Waggoner. 1998. With my own eyes: A Lakota woman tells her people's story. Univ. of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. pp. 129-130 of 189. Burns, Ken. (Exec. Prod.) 1997. Lewis & Clark: The journey of the Corps of Discovery. PBS Online. Florentine Films and WETA. Washington, D.C. Clayton, William. 1921. William Clayton's Journal: A daily record of the journey of the original company of "Mormon" pioneers from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the valley of the Great Salt Lake. Clayton Family Assn. The Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. pp. 83 & 152. Curtis, Ryan. 2015. Utah inventions: The 'roadometer', and early odometer for pioneers. KSL Broadcasting. Salt Lake City, Utah. DenOuden, Candy (digital ed.) 2011. Gold mining in the Black Hills: A timeline. Rapid City Jrnl. Rapid City, South Dakota. 27February2011. Dietmar. 2015. Lakota in Carlisle. www.American-Tribes.com. ephraim. 2014. Charles C. Tackett. American-Tribes.com. Frost, Geo. H. & D. McN. Stauffer. (eds.) 1886. Iowa Engineers. Engineering News & Amer. Contract Jrnl. 15:203. Harrison & Warner. 1874. Atlas of Clinton County, Iowa. Harrison & Warner Publ. Clinton, Iowa. History of Johnson County. 1883. History of Johnson County, Iowa, Containing a history of the county, and its townships, cities and villages from 1836 to 1882. pp. 315 & 457-460 of 966. (Note: A bit of interesting reading about Frederick M. Irish and "The Boyd Wilkinson Tragedy". pp. 216-219) Iowa Questers. 2016. Rose Hill. Quester chapter #498. Irish, C.W. 1875. An account of the detonating meteor of February 12, 1875. Daily Press Job Printing Office. Iowa City, Iowa. 16 pp. Irish, Charles W. 1878a. Personal letter to wife. Dated: Saturday, June 15, 1878 sent from Trinidad, Colorado. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1878b. Personal letter to wife. Dated: Saturday, June 23, 1878 written from a location near Pecos, New Mexico. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1878c. Personal letter to wife. Dated: July 1, 1878 written from Albuquerque, New Mexico. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1878d. Personal letter to wife. Dated: July 11, 1878 written from Horse Spring, New Mexico. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1878e. Personal letter to wife. Dated: October 23, 1878 written from Pueblo, Colorado. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1878f. Surveyor's record book: New Mexico and Arizona. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1879a. Personal letter to wife. Dated: February 14, 1879 written from Currie, Murray County, Minnesota. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1879b. Personal letter to daughter. Dated: March 30, 1879 written from Lake Benton, Lincoln County, Minnesota. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1879c. Surveyor's record book: Minnesota & Dakota. Dated: July 17, 1879. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1880. Personal letter to family. Dated: September 11, 1880 written from Willow Creek, 20 miles west of Pierre. Papers of Charles Wood Irish. Special Collections Department. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1889. Total Eclipse of the Sun, January 1,1889, as observed by the Nevada State Observation Party. in Reports on the observations of the total eclipse of the sun of January 1, 1889. Lick Observatory. University of California. Sacramento, California. pp. 190-199 of 210. Irish, C.W. 1891a. Iowa pioneer trails to California. Iowa Historical Record 7:169-175. Irish, C.W. 1891b. Some tornadoes in Iowa. Iowa Historical Record 9:517-523. Irish, Charles W. 1893. Letter to his niece, Frankie Irish. Iowa State Historical Society Research Center. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, Charles W. 1895. Climate, soil characteristics, and irrigation methods of California. Yearbook of the United States Dept. of Agriculture. pp. 475-486 of 656. Irish, F.M. 1868. History of Johnson County, Iowa. Annals of Iowa 6:23-31. Irish, Susannah A. 1912. Autobiography of Mrs. Charles W. Irish, one of Iowa's pioneers. in Aurner, Clarence Ray. Leading events in Johnson County, Iowa, history. Western Historical Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. pp. 436-441 of 910. Irish, Willis L. and Stella Betha (Putnam) Irish. 1964. General Charles Wood Irish. in Descendants of John Irish 1629 - 1963. Jackson, Donald & Mary Lee Spence. (eds.) 1970. The expeditions of John Charles Fremont. University of Illinois Press. Urbana, Illinois. pp. 58-59 of 854. Jett, Bobby. 2012. Gen. Charles Wood Irish. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Millar, J.H. 1854. Iowa City and its environs. Bryan & Millar. Panora, Guthrie Co., Iowa. Nevada State Writers' Project. 1941. Origin of place names - Nevada. Nevada State Department of Highways and State Department of Education. Reno, Nevada. p. 24 of 46. Pace, Paul S. 2015. Desert humanist Charles Irish Surveyor General of Nevada. The Nevada Traverse 42(3):5-8. Poor, Henry V. 1878. Manual of the railroads of the United States: 1877-78. Volume 11. p. 874 of 960. Population.us. 2016. Population of Johnson County. Powell, John J. 1876. Nevada: the land of silver. Bacon & Company. San Francisco, California. p. 150 of 305. Preston, Ruth Irish. 1909. A Johnson County pioneer: Sketch of the life of Charles Wood Irish. The Iowa City Citizen. March 3, 1909. Special Collections Library. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Preston, Ruth Irish. 1910. The Lyons and Iowa Central Railroad. Annals of Iowa. 9:284-301. Squibb, E.R. & Sons. 1906. Materia Medica: Squibb's Medicinal Tablets. Part II. J.F. Tapley Company, printer. New York City, New York. p. 253 of 394. Thompson, William H. 1989. Transportation in Iowa: A historical summary. Iowa Dept. of Transportation. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 23-49. Weber, Irving B. 1975. How's your history IQ? Iowa City Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 3c. columns 1-8. April 30, 1975. Irish, Hannah Elizabeth (1856 - 1952)
Hannah E. Irish (most often referred to as Elizabeth), the eldest daughter of Charles W. and Susannah Yarbrough Irish, was born in February of 1856 in Iowa City, Iowa. A few months after Elizabeth's birth, Charles W. Irish's civil engineering career took the family to Toledo, Iowa where he was employed as the Tama County surveyor (Aldrich 1905, Ancestry.com 2022). In 1866, when C.W. Irish was spending much of his time away from home on road and railway construction projects, the rest of the family returned to Iowa City. There, Elizabeth graduated from St. Agatha's Seminary (see Archer 2016, Green 1939), as well as Iowa City Academy. Ms. Irish continued her education at McClain's Business College and the University School of Shorthand (Aurner 1913, Green 1939, Hibbs 2004, Irish & Irish 1964, Parker 1893). Elizabeth Irish was a successful, independent, resolute woman, whose employment history is as varied as her educational experience. She began her career as the business manager for the Iowa State Press, which was published by her uncle, John P. Irish, in Iowa City, Iowa (Giaquinta & Peterson 1978, Iowa City 1883, Irish 1868). In 1882 Elizabeth left Iowa for a period and joined her uncle John in California. There she served as the cashier and bookkeeper for the "Oakland Times" newspaper in Oakland, California, which was edited by her uncle, and she went on to hold the same positions for the "Daily Alta California" newspaper (Boller n.d., Irish 1885). Following employment at the U.S. Mint in San Francisco, she accepted a position as chief clerk, stenographer, and bookkeeper at the U.S. Surveyor General's office in Nevada. Her livelihood in Nevada also included serving as acting surveyor general for the state, stenographer and bookkeeper for the U. S. Irrigation Commission, and the entrepreneurial Elizabeth established a business school in Reno (Giaquinta & Peterson 1978, Gore 1986, Green 1939, Pace 2015). Evidently, Ms. Irish grew weary of Reno and returned to the Golden State. She settled in Skaggs Hot Springs, a little northwest of Healdsburg in Sonoma County, California. There Elizabeth held positions as a bookkeeper, assistant post-mistress, and Wells-Fargo agent (Pace 2015). By 1895 Ms. Irish had returned to Iowa City, where she established Irish's University Business College, which provided training, particularly to women, in office work. During her 45-year career, 1000s of women earned an education at Irish's University Business College, which opened traditionally male dominated income and occupation opportunities in the business world to women (Boller n.d., Giaquinta & Peterson 1978, Green 1939, Irish 1912). Though she traveled during the summer months to visit her father and uncle, Ms. Irish's permanent residence remained in Iowa City and there she managed the Business School continuously until she reached the age of eighty-four (Boller n.d., Giaquinta & Peterson 1978, Gore 1986). Hannah E. Irish's career path followed many turns, but a profound interest in botany does not appear to have been one of her primary interests. Even so, seven specimens from California in the Putnam Museum herbarium, collected by Ms. Irish, were part of the personal herbarium of Charles W. Irish (her father). The specimens date to 1882, when she was working in California for her uncle, John P. Irish, a newspaper owner. .......... Aldrich, Charles. 1905. Obituary: Charles W. Irish. Annals of Iowa 6(8):639 Ancestry.com. 2022. Hannah Elizabeth Irish. Umbarugh-Merrel Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Green, Edwin B. (ed.) 1939. Miss Elizabeth Irish - Pioneer in business education. Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. August 26, 1939. Aurner, Clarence Ray. 1913. Leading events in Johnson County, Iowa, history. Western Historical Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. pp. 423-425 of 910. Archer, Jordan. 2016. Historic Iowa City women's seminary paved the way toward equal access to education. Little Village. Iowa City/Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Boller, Marty. n.d. Hannah Elizabeth Irish – Iowa City’s Business Entrepreneur. Our Iowa Heritage. WebLog. Giaquinta, Joyce & Billie Peterson. 1978. The Irish-Preston Papers, 1832-1972. The Annals of Iowa 44:475-479 Gore, Deborah. (ed.) 1986. The People of Iowa: Elizabeth Irish. The Goldfinch 8:18-19. Hibbs, Bob. 2004. The Iowa City Academy Experiment. Postcard 258. Johnson County, Iowa. IAGenWeb Project. Iowa City (Iowa). 1883. History of Johnson County, Iowa, Containing a history of the county, and its townships, cities and villages from 1836 to 1882. pp. 251-252 of 966. Irish, Elizabeth. 1912. Postcard: Irish's University Business College. in Iowa City Past. Iowa City, Iowa. Irish, F. M. 1868. History of Johnson County, Iowa (pt. 3). Annals of Iowa 6:191-215. Irish, John P. (ed.) 1885. About the "Alta". Daily Alta California. Volume 39. Page 4. Column 3. October 20, 1885. Irish, Willis L. and Stella Betha (Putnam) Irish. 1964. General Charles Wood Irish. in Descendants of John Irish 1629 - 1963. Pace, Paul S. 2015. Desert humanist Charles Irish Surveyor General of Nevada. The Nevada Traverse 42(3):5-8. Parker, Leonard F. 1893. Higher education in Iowa. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. p. 123 of 190. Irish, Thomas M. (1841 - 1931) Thomas Myrick Irish (born: February of 1841 in Iowa City, Iowa) was one of Charles W. Irish's younger brothers and, therefore, one of Hannah Elizabeth Irish's uncles (Irish & Irish 1964, Ancestry.com 2022). Thomas grew up in Iowa City and he completed at least part of his education at the private "Iowa City Institute" (Anonymous 1882, Shaumbaugh 1893). In 1865 Mr. Irish became the first superintendent of schools in Iowa City and in 1867 he moved to Dubuque, Iowa. As a teacher and principal at Prescott High School, Thomas Irish enjoyed a 40+ year career in Dubuque (Aurner 1914, Irish & Irish 1964, Western Historical Co. 1880, Smith 1925). Irish was on the Democratic ticket to become Superintendent of Public Schools, when Horace Boies was elected governor of Iowa in 1890, but Irish declined to serve (Sabin 1906). Also in 1865, Miss Margaret Ryan (photo here) graduated from the State University of Iowa in Iowa City and began a career as a teacher. Two years later, Margaret accepted Thomas Irish's proposal of marriage and soon thereafter the couple moved to Dubuque, where Thomas took the aforementioned education post. The couple had five children in Dubuque, three sons and two daughters. Thomas survived until 1935, when he perished in Los Angeles, California (Ancestry.com 2022, bob toelle 2020, Preston 1917). Twenty-eight specimens collected by Thomas M. Irish in Montana are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. All of the specimens were collected in 1878 and all were originally part of the personal herbarium of Charles W. Irish. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Thomas Myrick Irish. Lynn DeRick Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anonymous. 1882. Iowa educational directory for 1882-3. Iowa Normal Monthly 6:99. Aurner, Clarence Ray. 1914. History of education in Iowa. Vol. II. State Hist. Soc. Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. pp. 95, 98, 175 of 469. bob toelle. 2020. Thomas M. Irish. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Irish, Willis L. and Stella Betha (Putnam) Irish. 1964. Thomas Myrick Irish. in Descendants of John Irish 1629 - 1963. Preston, Ruth Irish. 1917. In memoriam: Mrs. Thomas M. Irish. Annual meeting of 1916. in Year Book of the Old Setters' Association, Johnson County. pp. 8-9 of 19. Sabin, Henry. 1906. Public comments by former superintendent of public instruction. Dubuque Times Journal December 27, 1906. Page 9. Shambaugh, Benjamin F. (ed.) 1893. Iowa City: A contribution to the early history of Iowa. State Hist. Soc. Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 85 of 116. Smith, Grace Partridge. (ed.) 1925. Mrs. S. A. Irish. The Daily Iowan. Iowa City, Iowa. May 31, 1925. p. 4. column 7. Western Historical Co. 1880. The History of Dubuque County, Iowa. Western Historical Company. Chicago, Illinois. p. 815 of 977. Jackson, Halliday (1817 - 1887) Halliday Jackson, Jr. was born near Darby, Pennsylvania in December of 1817 — he was the youngest of five children raised by Jane and Halliday Jackson sr. (Lowe 2008c). He attended the Friends School (Quaker) at Darby and then, following the death of his father (Halliday's mother had perished when he was thirteen), the nineteen-year-old Halliday continued his education at the boarding-school founded and operated by Samuel Smith, in Wilmington, Delaware. The following winter he studied at Benjamin Hallowell's boarding school, at Alexandria, Virginia (see Winston 1998). Jackson decided upon a career in education and in about 1841 he taught at the Friends' High Street Meeting House in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Following teaching posts at Benjamin Price's boarding school (aka Prospect Hill Boarding School (Jenkins et al. 1895, Thomson 1898)) just southwest of West Chester and at Salem Friends' School in Salem County, New Jersey (Fryburg 1937), H. Jackson returned to Darby. There he taught at the Sharon Boarding School that was founded by his brother and sister-in-law, John and Rachel Jackson (Harshberger 1899, Jackson 1888, Jenkins 1887, Scharf 1888, Thomas 1840). In 1846 Jackson married Caroline Hoopes and during the same year he accepted the principalship at Friends' Institute in New York City, a position he retained until 1851, the year in which Caroline perished (Ancestry.com 2022, Cope 1861, Lowe 2008a). In spite of his wife's demise, Halliday and his son, Thomas, apparently remained in New York until 1854, when he (Halliday, not Thomas) married Emily Hoopes, his deceased wife's younger sister. He and his family then returned to the Philadelphia area, where Jackson resumed his teaching career. An ill health condition forced Halliday Jackson to retire from teaching in 1863, at which time he purchased a farm near West Chester, Pennsylvania. There he remained until 1881 (Ancestry.com 2022, Fryburg 1937, Harshberger 1899, Jenkins 1887, Lowe 2008b). As a young man, Halliday Jackson was particularly fond of mathematics and astronomy, but he developed an interest in botany later in life (Cassino 1883, Fryburg 1937). He spent part of the summer of 1883 in mountainous western North Carolina and most of the winter of 1884-1885 studying the flora and fauna of Florida's southern gulf coast. Halliday assembled a large personal herbarium during his life that consisted of his own collections and specimens he obtained via exchange with other botanists. In addition to vascular plants Halliday Jackson amassed a sizeable collection of algae and fungi. His entire collection (including some fossils and minerals) was donated to Swarthmore College following his death in 1887 (Harshberger 1899, Jackson 1888). Mr. Jackson's only botanical paper was a brief acknowledgment of the presence of Bromus tectorum in the vicinity of West Chester, Pennsylvania (Jackson 1874). Later in his life, Halliday developed an interest in cryptogamic botany and as a microscopist became a member of the West Chester Microscopical Society. In addition to his natural history collection, he was an astronomer and a poet (Jackson 1888). Interestingly, Thomas Hoopes Jackson (son of Halliday and Caroline), became fairly well known in scientific circles too. His area of interest was ornithology, more specifically the study of bird eggs (J.P.N. 1891; Jackson 1869, 1912, 1921; Stone 1922). Fifty-three specimens collected by Halliday Jackson primarily from Pennsylvania and New Jersey are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A few additional specimens from Jackson's herbarium may be viewed with the iDigBio and/or SEINet specimen database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Halliday Jackson Jr. Holiday Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Cassino, Samuel E. 1883. The International Scientist's Directory. S.E. Cassino & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 63 of 299. Cope, Gilbert. 1861. The Record of the Cope Family as established in America by Oliver Cope. King & Baird, printers. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 105 & 209 of 259. Fryburg, L. Gertrude. 1937. Genealogy of the descendants of George and Jane Chandler. in Chandler family reunion committee. A record of the descendants of George and Jane Chandler. p. 138 of 762. Harshberger, John W. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. T.C. Davis and Sons. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 223-224. Jackson, Halliday. 1874. Bromus tectorum. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 5(4):19. Jackson, Halliday. 1888. Poems. Friends Book Association. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 176 pp. Jackson, T.H. 1869. The worm-eating warbler. Amer. Naturalist 3:556. Jackson, Thomas H. 1912. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) in Chester Co., Pa. The Auk 29:243-244. Jackson, Thomas H. 1921. Arkansas kingbird in Virginia. The Auk 38:458. Jenkins, Howard M. (ed.) 1887. Obituary: Halliday Jackson. Friends' Intelligencer & Jrnl. 44:541. Jenkins, Howard M., Lydia Hall, Rachel W. Hillborn, & Alice L. Darlington. (eds.) 1895. Friends' schools half a century ago. Friends' Intelligencer and Jrnl. 52:270. J.P.N. (presumably John Parker Norris) 1891. Mr. Thomas H. Jackson's collection of eggs. Ornithologist & Oologist 16:65-67. Lowe, Nancy Gibson. 2008a. Caroline Hoopes Jackson. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Lowe, Nancy Gibson. 2008b. Emily Hoopes Jackson. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Lowe, Nancy Gibson. 2008c. Halliday Jackson, Jr. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Scharf, J. Thomas. 1888. History of Delaware : 1609-1888. Vol. II. L.J. Richards & Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 690 of 1358. Stone, Witmer. (ed.) 1922. Notes and News: Thomas Hoopes Jackson obituary. The Auk 39(2):299-304. Thomas, E. W. 1840 (ca.). View of Sharon Boarding School. Free Library of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Thomson, W.W. (ed.) 1898. Chester County and its people. The Union History Company. Chicago, Illinois. p. 391 of 982. Winston, Lewis E. 1998. Benjamin Hallowell: Educational leader of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania 1799 - 1877. Ed.D. dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Falls Church, Virginia. pp. 37-48 of 136. James, Thomas P. (1803 - 1882)
Thomas Potts James was born in Radnor, Pennsylvania (September 1803) to Isaac James and Henrietta Potts-James (Ancestry.com 2022, James 1803-1882, Mayflower Pilgrim 332 2016). In order to take advantage of the better educational opportunities for the children, the family moved to the Trenton, New Jersey area in about 1811. Thomas and his brother, John, were scheduled to attend Princeton College, but their father, through some misfortune, lost a sizeable amount of money and the boys' opportunity for a degreed education was lost (Gozzaldi 1903, James 1855-1881, James 1874, Wilson & Fiske 1892). Thomas and John both studied pharmacy, but just how that occurred and by whom they were supervised has not been uncovered. Perhaps they served an apprenticeship at an apothecary or studied the "materia medica" through the University of Pennsylvania medical school. The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (now part of Philadelphia's University of the Sciences) was organized in 1821, but the first degrees were not conferred until 1826, and neither James brother is listed as a graduate (England 1922a&b). Regardless, in 1831 John and Thomas opened a drug store in Philadelphia. Though Thomas had no formal academic degree, his knowledge was such that he taught at and was a member of the board of trustees for the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1845-1852). Perhaps, as a spin-off from his dealings with the "materia medica", Thomas' youthful interest in botany was resurrected and blossomed (England 1922a, Gozzaldi 1903, James 1855-1881, James 1874, Wilson & Fiske 1892). According to Thomas' sister, it was likely during Thomas' plant-centered "materia medica" studies that he made the acquaintance of Mr. Laning (presumably Enoch Laning), who accompanied Mr. James on plant collecting forays near Philadelphia. Again, according to his sister, Ms. Gozzaldi, Thomas considered the flora of the Philadelphia area to be more-or-less well known, so he decided to turn his attention to the study of mosses where, in his opinion, new discoveries were possible. Thomas continued in the drug business until 1866, when he divested himself of his business holdings and devoted most of his life to the investigation of bryophytes (England 1922a, Gozzaldi 1903, James 1855-1881, James 1874, Wilson & Fiske 1892). As early as the 1840s and 1850s James corresponded and worked with Leo Lesquereux, Asa Gray, John Torrey, and other prominent botanists. He was active in the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the American Pomological Society, and a number of other professional organizations. Following the Civil War (in 1867) he moved to Cambridge, where he worked with Asa Gray in the Harvard University herbarium (Gozzaldi 1903, James 1855-1881, James 1874, Rothrock 1882, Wilson & Fiske 1892). Thomas James' botanical interests led to a love interest. He helped acquaint William Darlington with some of the correspondence of botanist John Bartram (Darlington 1849, Gozzaldi 1903) and it seems that through Darlington, Thomas was introduced to Asa Gray. Gray evidently introduced Mr. James to one of his friends, Isabella Batchelder. Apparently, the couple's mutual interest in botany led to a mutual interest in each other. Thomas and Isabella were married in December 1851 and the union produced four offspring, three daughters and a son (Ancestry.com 2022, Gozzaldi 1903, Mayflower Pilgrim 332). Mr. James published a summary of the mosses known to exist east of the Mississippi River (James 1865). He contributed the moss section for Watson's (1871) treatment of the plants of the "Geological Survey of the 40th Parallel", to Rothrock's (1878) "Reports upon the botanical collections made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona", and to Turner's (1886) "Contributions to the natural history of Alaska". He also co-authored "Descriptions of Some New Species of North American Mosses" (Lesquereux et al. 1878-1879), "Manual of the Mosses of North America" (Lesquereux & James 1884), and contributed the mosses and liverworts to the third edition of "Flora Cestrica" (Darlington 1853). Four bryophytes collected by James are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Just over 200 of T.P. James' herbarium specimens may be viewed via the Harvard University herbarium database and additional specimens collected by him may be reviewed using the iDigBio and/or SEINet specimen database. A copy of "Musci Cestrici, or the Anophytes of Chester County, Pennsylvania. Collected and arranged by Thomas P. James. Philadelphia." is present in the herbarium of the Chester County Historical Society (CCHS 2017. see also Darlington 1853). .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Isabella Batchelder. Johanna Carlson Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. CCHS. 2017. Herbarium collection. Chester County Historical Society. West Chester, Pennsylvania. Darlington, William. 1849. Memorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall. Lindsay & Blakiston. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. iv. Darlington, William. 1853. Flora cestrica: an herborizing companion for the young botanists of Chester County, State of Pennsylvania. 3rd Edition. Lindsay & Blakiston. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. England, Joseph W. 1922a. The first century of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, 1821-1921. Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 343 of 728. England, Joseph W. 1922b. The history of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in relation to the development of pharmaceutical education. Jrnl. Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc. 11:198-206. Gozzaldi, Mary Isabella James. 1903. Thomas Potts James. The Bryologist 6:71-74. James, Thomas Potts. 1855-1881. Thomas Potts James (1803-1882) papers (c.1855-1881). Farlow Reference Library of Cryptogamic Botany. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. James, Thomas Potts. 1803-1882. Thomas Potts James manuscripts and notes, approximately 1878. Archives, Gray Herbarium Library, Harvard University Herbaria. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. James, Thomas P. 1865. On New Mosses. Trans. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 13:105-116. James, Mrs. Thomas Potts. 1874. Memorial of Thomas Potts, Junior, who settled in Pennsylvania. Privately printed. Cambridge, Massachusetts. pp. 285-286 of 416. Lesquereux, Leo, Thomas P. James, & W. P. Schimper. 1878-1879. Descriptions of Some New Species of North American Mosses. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. 14:133-141. Lesquereux, Leo & Thomas P. James. 1884. Manual of the mosses of North America. S.E. Cassino and Company. Boston, Massachusetts. 447 pp. Mayflower Pilgrim 332. 2016. Thomas P. James. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Rothrock, J.T. 1878. Reports upon the botanical collections made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona. Vol. VI. Botany. Gov't. Printing Office. Washington, D.C. pp. 341-349 of 400. Rothrock, J.T. 1882. Biographical Sketch of Thomas Potts James. Proc. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 20: 293-297. Turner, L.M. 1886. Contributions to the natural history of Alaska. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. pp. 82-85 of 226. Watson, Sereno. 1871. Report of the geological survey of the fortieth parallel: Catalogue of the known plants of Nevada and Utah. Volume 5. Government Printing Office. Wilson, James Grant & John Fiske. 1892. Appletons' cyclopaedia of American biography. Vol. 3. D. Appleton and Company. New York. p. 400 of 752. Johnson, Louis N. (18XX - ˜1900) There are two prime candidates in answer to the question - Who was L.N. Johnson? Prof. Lorenzo N. Johnson was a botanist at the University of Michigan from 1892 to 1896 and a contributor to the University's herbarium, whose work focused on fresh water green algae in the family Desmidiaceae (Donnelly 1956, Shaw 1953). However, judging from the collection localities listed on the Putnam Museum's "L.N. Johnson" specimens, it appears the University of Michigan's Prof. "Lorenzo N. Johnson" is not the person from whom the Putnam Museum herbarium specimens originated. More likely, the "L.N. Johnson" represented at Putnam was Louis N. Johnson, a botanist that taught high school in Evanston, Illinois. It appears that Louis Johnson was the son of J.W. Johnson of Bridgeport, Connecticut (Smith 1890) and he moved to Evanston from Bridgeport in 1886 (Anonymous 1890c, Hach 1963). It has been alleged that he married Ms. Nellie Spaulding, a student and an accomplished botanical artist at the high school, who was involved with the Agassiz Association (Brown 1887, Hach 1963). As shown above, Louis' death date of 1900 is an approximation based upon a statement by Eames (1901), "A seemingly overlooked record for this plant is that of the late L. N. Johnson ...", implying that Mr. Johnson perished in 1900 or 1901. Beyond that, genealogical information about Louis Johnson has eluded this author. Johnson was one of Evanston Township High School's six teachers (five women and Louis, at least in 1890) and he taught science (Hach 1963, University Press 1890). Louis sponsored the school's chapter of the Agassiz Association (Adams 1888); as such, he encouraged students to study botany and to assemble a personal herbarium. Johnson remained in Evanston for five years. Though it has been reported that he continued his education at Harvard University for a period, no record of his attendance has been located (Harvard University Library Archives, pers. comm.). Louis moved from Evanston to teach in Ann Arbor, Michigan (Hach 1963). During the summer of 1890, Mr. Johnson traveled east to visit his father in Bridgeport, Connecticut. On his return trip to Evanston, Louis spent a few days at the AAAS annual meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana (Anonymous 1890 a,b,&c). His interests appear to have been quite varied, as is reflected in his publication record, which included discussions of plants, plant toxicity, insects, floristics, birds, and archeology (Johnson 1887a, 1887b, 1888a-d, 1889a-d, 1892). In addition to being a field botanist, he advertised for the exchange of plant specimens in several issues of Science (e.g. Johnson 1890). His botanical efforts were acknowledged in the Flora of Illinois (Jones 1945), where L.N. Johnson was listed as the collector of Lycopodium inundatum L. (= Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub) from Evanston, Illinois in 1890. There is a likely connection between Louis' plant collections, the Agassiz Association, and the Putnam Museum. Mr. L.N. Johnson was listed as the president of the Evanston, Illinois chapter of the Agassiz Association (Adams 1888) and the majority of his specimens at Putnam were once part of the personal herbarium of Edith A. Ross. Mr. Johnson, Edith A. Ross, H.H. Keyes (New York), Mathilde Schlegel (New York), Constance G. DuBois (Connecticut), John M. Holzinger (Minnesota), John Higgins (Illinois), Charles A. Davis (Michigan), Charles F. Wheeler (Michigan), William S. Moffatt (Illinois), and Emma A. Shumway (Washington) were members of the Agassiz Association and all of them have plant specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium. It is likely these individuals became acquainted with Edith A. Ross via correspondence through the Association and sent plant specimens to her. Edith's personal herbarium was donated to the Putnam Museum in 1931 and that's how Mr. Johnson and other members of the Agassiz Association came to be represented in the Putnam Herbarium. L.N. Johnson collected 39 specimens in 1889 and 1890 that are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium and additional plant specimens collected by him may be viewed via the iDigBio and/or SEINet specimen database. The specimens were collected in Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, and a few other states. .......... Adams, Cornelia B. 1888. Reports from chapters. Swiss Cross 3:155. Anonymous. 1890a. Outside the old limits: Evanston. Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 30, column 2. June 29, 1890. Anonymous. 1890b. Busy day with scientists - the membership. The Indianapolis Journal. pp. 3 (column 5) & 5. August 21, 1890. Anonymous. 1890c. Chicago's Outposts - Evanston. The Sunday Inter Ocean. Chicago, Illinois. p. 28. column 3. June 29, 1890. Brown, Geo. P. (chairman) 1887. Report on the educational exposition at Chicago. Jrnl. of Proc. and Addresses of the National Education Assoc. pp. 670-817 see p. 808. Donnelly, Walter A. (ed.) 1956. The University of Michigan, an Encyclopedic Survey. Part 8. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan. p. 1448 of 1756. Eames, E.H. 1901. Callitriche austini in southwestern Connecticut. Rhodora 3:89-90. Hach, Clarence W. 1963. History of Evanston Township High School: first seventy-five years. 1883-1958. District 202. Evanston, Illinois. pp. 20, 33-34 of 150. Johnson, L.N. 1887a. Butterflies in southern Connecticut. Science 9:36. Johnson, L.N. 1887b. Grindelia squarrosa. Science 10:152. Johnson, L.N. 1888a. A Tramp in the North Carolina Mountains. I. Bot. Gazette 13:269-271. Johnson, L.N. 1888b. A Tramp in the North Carolina Mountains. II. Bot. Gazette 13:318-321. Johnson, L.N. 1888c. Milk-sickness. Science 12:96. Johnson, L.N. 1888d. Our native birds. Science 12:96. Johnson, L.N. 1889a. A trip among the Rangeley Lakes. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 16(10):263-265. Johnson, L.N. 1889b. Color of katy-did. Science 13:32. Johnson, L.N. 1889c. Indian relics from North Carolina. Science 13:92. Johnson, L.N. 1889d. The Wild Turkey in the North Carolina Mountains. The Auk 6:275. Johnson, L.N. 1890. Exchanges. Science Ads in Science for herbarium specimen exchange. 15:225, 265, 309. Johnson, L.N. 1892. Notes on the flora of southwestern Connecticut. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 19:88-91. Jones, George N. 1945. Flora of Illinois. University of Notre Dame Press. Notre Dame, Indiana. p.32 of 368. Smith, R.H. (ed.) 1890. Bridgeport. The Newtown Bee. Newtown, Connecticut. p. 2. column 4. August 8, 1890. University Press. 1890. The Evanston and Wilmette Directory. University Press Co. Evanston, Illinois. p. 32 of 314. Johnson, William W. (1839 - 1887) W.W. Johnson was born in Middleton, Ohio (November of 1839) to Samuel L. and Eliza (Elizabeth) Johnson. William had two sisters, Amelia was two years his senior and Hattie was seven years his junior. Records of William's early education are yet to be found, but he graduated from Duff's Commercial College (Columbus, Ohio) in 1859 (Ancestry 2022, Kett 1877). Two years after he graduated from Duff's, William moved to LaSalle County, Illinois. It's unknown if his parents and siblings moved to Marseilles, Illinois with William in 1861, but they were living in the area by the time the federal census of 1870 was completed. William initially farmed during the growing season and spent the remaining months teaching school. In March 1869 he married Lizzie Prichard of Marseilles and the couple raised two daughters, Cora and Lucy (Ancestry 2022, Kett 1877). William survived only until November 22, 1887, when he fell prey to a kidney ailment, that at the time was known as Bright's disease. His death was especially tragic for the family, because William's mother, Elizabeth, had perished only four days earlier (Brown 2009, Osman 1887 a&b). Johnson moved on from the classroom and became the principal of East Marseilles Grammar School in the latter part of the 1860s (Carney 1960, Kett 1877, Osman & Hapeman 1868, Vance 1860). He was elected co-vice-president of the La Salle County Teachers' Institute in 1867 (Baker & White 1867) and was active in the LaSalle County Teachers' Association (Cook 1876, Cook & Hewett 1875), where he taught a short course in botany (Cook & Hewett 1875). In Illinois, Johnson became particularly interested in botany, taught himself the local flora, and even won first prize at the Illinois State Fair for a "Botanical Cabinet" [perhaps a herbarium cabinet?] intended for use in school (Kett 1877). W.W. Johnson's botanical interests resulted in a personal herbarium that contributed, along with that of William Wirt Calkins, to Mr. R. Williams' (1877) catalogue of plants of LaSalle County, Illinois. Two angiosperm specimens (Cynoglossum officinale & Dodecatheon meadia) collected by W.W. Johnson in 1876 in Illinois are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Both specimens were part of the William Wirt Calkins herbarium, which became part of the larger collection at the Putnam Museum. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. W.W. Johnson. Bryans Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Baker, William M. and S. H. White. (eds.) 1867. County Institutes. The Illinois Teacher. 13:418. Brown, Charles W. 2009. William W. Johnson. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Carney, Mary Vance. 1960. The story of Marseilles: 1835-1960. Historical Booklet Committee. General publication. Cook, John W. & Edwin C. Hewett. (eds.). 1875. Educational Intelligence. The Illinois Schoolmaster 21:282, 316, & 321. Cook, John W. (ed.) 1876. Educational Intelligence: LaSalle County. The Illinois Schoolmaster 9:259. Kett, H.F. & Co. 1877. The Past and Present of La Salle County, Illinois. Ottaway & Colbert, printers. Chicago, Illinois. p. 517 of 653. Osman & Hapeman. 1868. Normal drill. Ottawa Free Trader. Ottawa, Illinois. p. 5. column 1. September 19, 1868. Osman, William (proprietor). 1887a. Death of Mrs. Elizabeth Johnson. Ottawa Free Trader. Ottawa, Illinois. p. 4. column 6. November 19, 1887. Osman, William (proprietor). 1887b. Prof. Johnson Dead. Ottawa Free Trader. Ottawa, Illinois. p. 4. column 4. November 26, 1887. Williams, R. 1877. Catalogue of the phaenogamia of flowering plants of LaSalle County. in Baldwin, Elmer. History of La Salle County, Illinois. p. 487. Jones, Marcus E. (1852 - 1934)
Marcus Jones, the eldest son of Publius and Lavinia Jones, was born in Jefferson, Ohio. His family moved to a farm a few miles west of Grinnell, Iowa in 1865 and it appears that he completed his grammar school and high school education at the Iowa College Preparatory School and Academy in Grinnell. Following his preparatory education, Jones graduated from Iowa College (the present-day Grinnell College) in 1875 with a degree in Latin; he went on to earn an M.A. with an emphasis in Latin in 1878 from the same institution (Gluckstein 2011, Jones n.d., Jones 1932, McVaugh 2005, Liz 2009, Ray & Frisbee 1916). Jones (n.d.) credited his mother with introducing him to the study of plants, but he probably learned a good deal about trees from his father who operated a sawmill. Marcus did not become a serious collector until 1875 and the following year he botanized extensively in the Grinnell area, north in the vicinity of Clear Lake/Mason City, and then west near Lemars and Cherokee (Jones n.d., Jones 1932). In 1878 Marcus made extensive collections in Colorado; in 1879 his plant prospecting occurred in the vicinity of Salt Lake City and eastward into the Wasatch Mountains (Broaddus 1933, SEINet database). Jones consulted with Dr. Charles C. Parry in Davenport for help in identifying plants from his 1878 trip and two years later Parry, along with George Engelmann, botanized with Marcus near Salt Lake City (Williams 2003). Marcus spent the latter months of 1879 assembling sets of plants for exchange with European botanists. Then, in February 1880, Anna Elizabeth Richardson, also an Iowa College graduate, and he were married in Iowa Falls, Iowa. Anna was the college's Acting Dean of Women prior to their wedding and she, too, was interested in botany. The couple moved to Salt Lake City, Utah in 1880 (Broaddus 1933, Jones 1932, Utah State Historical Society 2000). During the early part of his collecting career, Marcus sent specimens to prominent botanists like Asa Gray (Harvard University) and the aforementioned George Engelmann (St. Louis, Missouri) for identification (Gluckstein 2011), but his sentiment on collaboration changed over time. Not long after Parry and Engelmann visited Jones in Salt Lake City, Marcus had something of a falling out with some established North American botanists. He thought his Eastern counterparts disparaged his field botanical efforts in the West, an impression which bruised his considerable pride. Since Marcus', "criticism of other scientists ... was usually sharp and caustic, although he did not himself take criticism very well nor tolerate difference of opinion" (Broaddus 1933), Jones became increasingly self-reliant, outspoken, and primarily depended upon himself for determinations of his western plant collections. The spring of 1882 found Marcus Jones on a plant collecting field trip near Ensenada, Mexico with the aforementioned Dr. Parry, Cyrus Pringle, and Charles Orcutt. The group collected what is now known as Rosa minutifolia, an event which wrought a tangled and contentious botanical controversy. Jones felt that he was first to locate the rose and, therefore, assumed he had the publication/naming rights. However, Parry left the field trip group early to see his wife in San Diego. Soon thereafter he (Parry) drafted a short paper about the rose (Parry 1882), which included a description of it written by George Engelmann, hence the name Rosa minutifolia Engelm. The paper mentioned the presence of M.E. Jones as part of the collecting trip, but that was frightfully little recognition and Jones' self-esteem was badly bruised. Fiery point/counter-point accusations were traded, Marcus Jones suffered a tainted reputation, and the name was not altered. In fact, many years later, Marcus described Engelmann and Parry in his series of "Botanical Reminiscences" (Jones 1930b). Jones referred to Engelmann as a person he felt "honored to have known", but described Parry as "a typical toady ... with little brains ... who slobbered over the great to keep in their good graces." The details of the Rosa minutifolia affair and Marcus Jones' "small dog syndrome" make interesting reading (Ertter 2001, King 2011, Lenz 1982 & 1986). Though thin-skinned, Marcus Jones was a good and productive botanist. During the course of his career, he collected tens of thousands of specimens from the western United States and his botanical autobiography (Jones n.d.) is a testament to the extensive reach of his plant collecting. In 1884 he purchased his first camera and just over 600 of his photographs are known to still exist today. About 500 of the glass slides record Marcus' own field work and they focus on the scenery/habitats he explored (Gray 2011). His employment record is filled with full-time, short-term engagements. He made a living as a consultant, occasional teacher, photographer, writer, and, as was fairly typical for field botanists of the time, he sold sets of his plant collections (Gray 2011, Jones 1881, King 2011, McVaugh 2005). But in reality, Marcus Jones was an unskilled money manager and he owed much of his financial stability to his wife, Anna. Not only did she sometimes assist Marcus on field trips and help him assemble plants for exchange, but she provided an income as a seamstress, teacher and boarding house manager (Broaddus 1933, Gluckstein 2011, King 2011, Welsh 1982). During his years in Utah, Marcus Jones sailed the Great Salt Lake, wrote guidebooks about the area, kept track of lake levels, and summarized the state's geography (Gluckstein 2011, Jones n.d.& 1902, McVaugh 2005). Jones published his own journal, "Contributions to Western Botany", from 1891 to 1935 (Jones 1891-1935), and used it to recount the details of his field trips, describe new species, and to often publish notes on various species of Astragalus. His "Contributions" also functioned as a window into his too-often sanctimonious temperament, as he ofttimes used it as something of a bully pulpit to either praise or condemn the work of others. For example, in the first two pages of Contributions to Western Botany No. 15 (Jones 1929a) he uses phrases like, "His figure of Yucca Mohavensis is equally bad.", "He shows a complete ignorance of Allium monticola ...", "There are many minor things to criticize, such as incomplete symphony, omission of many proposed species, poor identification and an inclination to neglect the work of contemporaries ...", but later in the same issue Jones stated that Katherine Brandegee "was incontestibly [sic] the greatest woman botanist that ever lived (Jones 1929b)." His often acerbic and blunt commentary is also well illustrated in his "Botanists whom I have known" (Jones 1930a), "Botanical reminiscences" (Jones 1930b), and his commentary on religious fundamentalism vs. evolution (Jones 1929c). Marcus Jones was accomplished, caustic, and thin-skinned — an interesting character indeed. A single specimen (Astragalus flexuosus) collected by Jones in California is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. In 1923 he sold his personal herbarium to Pomona College (Claremont, California) (Gluckstein 2011, Jones n.d., McVaugh 2005) and many of those specimens may be accessed via the Consortium of California Herbaria specimen database. Beau coup additional plants collected by Marcus Jones may be perused via the iDigBio and SEINet specimen databases. .......... Broaddus, Mabel Jones. 1933. Marcus E. Jones, A.M. - biographical sketch. Contrib. Western Botany 18:152-157. Ertter, Barbara. 2001. Discovery of Rosa minutifolia Engelm. "Ensenada Rose". University and Jepson Herbaria. Berkeley, California. Gluckstein, Linda. 2011. Marcus E. Jones at RSABG. Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden. Claremont, California. Gray, William R. 2011. Through the lens of Marcus Jones. Sego Lily 34:5-10. Jones, Marcus E. n.d. Botanical Explorations of Marcus E. Jones (1875-1919). Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1881. Utah, Colorado, and California flora. Bot. Gazette. November 1881. Jones, Marcus E. 1902. Utah. Tarr & McMurry Geographies. MacMillan Company. New York City, New York. 142 pp. Jones, Marcus E. 1929a. Reviews. Contrib. Western Botany. No. 15. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1929b. The Brandegees. Contrib. Western Bot. 15:15-18. Jones, Marcus E. 1929c. Fundamentalism. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1930a. Botanists whom I have known. Contributions to Western Botany. No. 16. pp. 43-49. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1930b. Botanical reminiscences. Contributions to Western Botany. No. 17. pp. 1-6 of 31. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1932. Marcus E. Jones M.A. Autobiography dictated to Mrs. Bracelyn. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Claremont, California. Jones, Marcus E. 1891-1935. Contributions to Western Botany. No. 1-18. Biodiversity Heritage Library. King, William H. 2011. Marcus E. Jones (1852-1934). Sego Lily 34:1&4. Lenz, Lee W. 1982. The Thorny Rose Affair: Discovery and Naming of Rosa minutifolia. Aliso 10(2):187-217. Lenz, Lee W. 1986. Marcus E. Jones: western geologist, mining engineer and botanist. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California. 486 pp. Liz. 2009. Marcus Eugene Jones. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. McVaugh, Rogers. 2005. Marcus E. Jones in Mexico, 1892. Contrib. Univ. Michigan Herbarium 24:127-171. Parry, Christopher C. 1882. A new North American rose. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 9:97-98. Ray & Frisbee (compilers). 1916. Early history of Grinnell, Iowa, 1854-1874. Ray & Frisbee, publ. pp. 19 & 20 of 66. Utah State Historical Society. 2000. Anna Elizabeth Richardson Jones. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Welsh, Stanley L. 1982. Utah plant types—historical perspective 1840 to 1981—annotated list, and bibliography. Great Basin Naturalist 42(2):129-195. Williams, Roger L. 2003. A region of astonishing beauty - the botanical exploration of the Rocky Mountains. Roberts and Rinehart. Lanham, Maryland. pp. 133-140. Kellogg, Harriette S. (1860 - 1916) Harriette Kellogg (photo here) was born to Raymond and Phebe Maria Kellogg (née Parks) in Grinnell, Iowa (Coltrane 1907, Pammel 1916b, Squeekie 2014), where she completed her high school education. She graduated from Iowa College (now Grinnell College) in 1880 with a B.A. and earned an M.A. from the same school in 1883 (Anonymous 1916, Iowa College 1890-1891). Ms. Kellogg was a teacher in Grinnell, Marengo, Montezuma, and Shenandoah, Iowa; Grand Forks, North Dakota. In 1893 she accepted the position of the Assistant Principal at Stevens Seminary (1893-1901) in Glencoe, Minnesota, where she also taught Latin and literature (Anonymous 1916, Pammel 1916a). She was well-versed in art, literature, and music, as well as science and in the classroom Harriette worked to instill in her students an enjoyment of not only botany, but ornithology, geology, and natural history in general (Pammel 1916b, McLeod County Historical Society 2006). In 1903 and until her death in 1916, she took charge of the botanical library at Iowa State College (present-day Iowa State University) and she served as the curator of the college's herbarium (Anonymous 1916, Iowa College 1890-1891, Lewis 2006 & 2008). She was a treasured commodity at Iowa State, not only for her scientific acumen, but because she was "... an enthusiastic worker ..." who had "... a buoyant, happy spirit, [and] a winning personality ..." (Pammel 1916a&b). While at Iowa State, Ms. Kellogg shouldered a number of projects in addition to her curatorial duties. She published a flora of the region bordering the Rainy River in the vicinity of International Falls, Minnesota (Kellogg 1915), a paper on plant conservation (Kellog [sic] 1919), three manuscripts on ethnobotany (Kellogg 1905, 1907, 1912), and she actively collaborated with Louis H. Pammel and Charlotte King on projects such as the "Manual of Poisonous Plants", "The Weed Flora of Iowa", and "Weeds of the Farm and Garden" (Pammel 1916a). Harriette also found time to participate in the annual meetings of the Iowa State Horticultural Society (Anonymous 1906, Faulkes 1904) and the Iowa Academy of Sciences (Anonymous 1912). Harriette Kellogg is represented in the Putnam Museum by two introduced species (Brassica sinapistrum (= Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis) and Rumex crispus) collected in July of 1904 in Ames, Iowa (she and Charlotte M. King are listed as co-collectors). .......... Anonymous. 1906. Say the producer gets the worst of it. The Register and Leader. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 5. column 4. December 13, 1906. Anonymous. 1912. Academy of science will convene today. The Register and Leader. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 3. column 2. April 26, 1912. Anonymous. 1916. Harriette S. Kellogg. The Grinnell Herald. Grinnell, Iowa. posted online by Marilyn Holmes (6/18/2012). Coltrane, Jenn Winslow. 1907. Lineage Book. National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution. Vol. 61. Washington, D.C. pp. 312-313 of 379. Faulkes, F.W. (ed.) 1904. Iowa Horticultural Society meets Dec. 13 - 16. Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. p. 5. column 2. November 28, 1904. Iowa College. 1890-1891. The graduates of Iowa College: 1854-1890. Herald Printing Office and Bindery. Grinnell, Iowa. p. 102. Iowa State University. 1910-1916. Photograph: Miss Harriett Kellogg and Miss Charlotte M. King. Iowa State University Library Special Collections and University Archives. Ames, Iowa. Kellog, Harriett S. [sic] 1919. Preservation of native plants. in Iowa Parks - Conservation of Iowa Historic, Scenic and Scientific Areas. State Board of Conservation. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 237-241 of 328. Kellogg, Harriette S. 1905. Folk-lore in medicinal plants. Report Iowa State Hort. Soc. 39:143-148. Kellogg, Harriette S. 1907. Economic fiber plants of Iowa. Report Iowa State Hort. Soc. 41:94-100. Kellogg, Harriette S. 1912. Native dye-plants and tan-plants of Iowa, with notes on a few other species. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 19:113-128. Kellogg, Harriette S. 1915. Flora of the Rainy River region. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 22:60-75. Lewis, Deb. 2006. History: ISC timeline. Ada Hayden Herbarium. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Lewis, Deborah Q. 2008. Harriette S. Kellogg, 1860-1916. Erythronium 14:7. McLeod County Historical Society. 2006. Photo record: Harriet Kellogg Asst. Principal Stevens Seminary. McLeod County Historical Society & Museum. Hutchinson, Minnesota. Pammel, L.H. 1916a. Harriette Kellogg. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 23:18-21. Pammel, L.H. 1916b. Harriette Kellogg. Proc. Iowa Forestry and Cons. Assoc. 1914-15 23:18-21. Squeekie. 2014. Harriette Kellogg. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Keyes, Harriet H. (1843 - 1912) Harriet Hall Keyes was born in East Bloomfield, New York (February 17, 1843). Her parents, Dr. William Hall and Mary Hickock Hall, died when she was very young and Harriet then resided with her five siblings in the home of their maternal grandfather. August 26, 1846 she was adopted by close family friends, Perley Gardner Keyes and his wife Lydia, who lived in Watertown, New York (Ancestry.com 2022, Clare 1912, Dixon & Coyne 2018, White 1900). During her adult life, Harriet's financial needs were, at least in part, supplied by a trust setup by her stepbrother, Rev. Richard Goodale Keyes (Dwight 1907, White 1900). Harriet, in publications associated with the Agassiz Association (e.g. The Swiss Cross, The Observer, Agassiz Association 1893 - 1901), was most often referred to as Miss H. H. Keyes. She was commonly listed as treasurer of the Watertown, New York chapter of the Agassiz Association (Bigelow 1892) and she was mentioned as having presented reports on botanizing in the Adirondack Mountains, the early spring flora, and the Chinese Water Lily (pp. 221 & 223 in Bigelow 1892). In addition to botany, Ms. Keyes apparently had at least a passing interest in entomology (Keyes 1883, 1887) and she was engaged in charitable activities associated with the Needlework Guild in Watertown, New York (Holland 1909) and the Women's Presbyterian Society (Clare 1897). Ms. Keyes, Mathilde Schlegel (New York), Constance G. DuBois (Connecticut), Edith A. Ross (Iowa), John M. Holzinger (Minnesota), John Higgins (Illinois), Charles A. Davis (Michigan), Charles F. Wheeler (Michigan), William S. Moffatt (Illinois), and Emma A. Shumway (Washington) were all members of the Agassiz Society and all have herbarium specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium. It is likely they became acquainted with Edith A. Ross via correspondence through the Association and sent plant specimens to her. Edith's personal herbarium was donated to the Putnam Museum in 1931 and that's how Ms. Keyes and other members of the Agassiz Association came to be represented in the Putnam Herbarium. H. H. Keyes is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by Bog-rosemary (Andromeda polifolia) and ten other specimens that she collected in 1889 and 1890. One specimen is from Florida, but all others were collected in New York. .......... Agassiz Association. 1893 - 1901. The Asa Gray Bulletin. Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter. Vols. 1-8. Ancestry.com. 2022. Harriet Hall Keyes. Keyes Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bigelow, Edward Fuller. (ed.). 1892. Officers & Reports. The Observer. 3:192, 221, 223, 285, 320, & 352. Clare, C.W. (publ.) 1897. Presbetyrian work. The Watertown Re-Union. Watertown, New York. p. 3. column 3. April 21, 1897. Clare, C.W. (publ.) 1904. Sudden death of Rev. Richard Keyes. The Watertown Re-Union. Watertown, New York. p. 1. column 2. December 10, 1904. Clare, C.W. (publ.) 1912. Obituary - Miss Harriet H. Keyes. The Watertown Re-Union. Page 3. Column 3. January 27, 1912. Dixon, Nancy & Bruce Coyne. 2018. Migrations: Part 60. Family movements into and out of Jefferson county. Jefferson County NYGenWeb Project. Dwight, Henry O. (recording sec'y) 1907. Ninety-first annual report of the American Bible Society. American Bible Society. New York. pp. 280-281 of 359. Holland, James P. (ed.) 1909. Needlework Guild will receive Friday and Saturday. Watertown Daily Times. November 1, 1909. page 5. column 4. Keyes, Harriet H. 1883. Parasite on Vanessa antiopa. The Canadian Entomologist 15:237. Keyes, Harriet H. 1887. A name wanted. The Swiss Cross 1:236. Rose, C. 2011. Harriet Hall Keyes. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. White, Almira Larkin. 1900. Genealogy of the descendants of John White of Wenham and Lancaster, Massachusetts. Vol. II. Chase Brothers, printers. Havehill, Massachusetts. p. 433 of 924. King, Charlotte M. (1864-1937) Charlotte Maria King (photo here) was born in Lakeville, Massachusetts. She was the eldest of Pauline and John King's three children and Charlotte was an 1884 graduate of West High School, Des Moines, Iowa. Following high school, she was a public-school teacher and completed some course work in biology at Iowa State College (46620252 2008, Ancestry.com 2022, Firkins 1938, IAGenWeb Project 2014). Beginning in about 1894, Ms. King worked as an artist in the botany department at Iowa State College (present-day Iowa State University), where her compositions focused on insects (e.g. Patch 1910a&b), as well as plants (Tiffany 1975). At Iowa State she completed many of the drawings for "A manual of poisonous plants" (Pammel 1910), "Weeds of the Farm and Garden" (Pammel 1911), and "The weed flora of Iowa" (Pammel 1913). She also taught courses in botanical illustration and proper procedures in seed evaluation (Firkins 1938). It's entirely possible that one of Charlotte's most famous art students was George Washington Carver. Carver completed his M.S. at Iowa State Agricultural College in 1896, but he was also an accomplished artist. In fact it was his art teacher at Simpson College (Etta May Budd) that encouraged Carver to pursue a degree at Iowa State. At any rate, Charlotte King started working in Ames two years before George earned his master's degree and it's reasonable to assume she helped George hone his artistic skills (Reid & Evans 2018, Simpson College 2018). In at least one publication, Mr. Carver gave credit to "C.M. King" for illustrations used in the text (Carver 1942). For nearly 25 years, Ms. King was, in addition to being an artist, the seed analyst for the college's seed testing laboratory (Anderson et al. 2017, Tiffany 1975). In addition to her contributed photographs for "Weeds of the Farm and Garden" (Pammel 1911), Charlotte worked alongside Prof. Louis Pammel and Dr. Ada Hayden for the Iowa Geological Survey as a photographer documenting the uses of the parcel that eventually became Ledges State Park (Anderson et al. 2017). Ms. King joined the Iowa Academy of Science in 1899, was elected a fellow the following year (Beyer 1901, Firkins 1938), and frequently presented papers at the organization's annual meetings. A number of Ms. King's publications are posted below, but more complete inventories have been provided by Ockerbloom (2016), Macbride (1912, see p. 53) and Marple (1918). Charlotte developed a long-term commitment to not only art and science, but music and literature (Firkins 1938). It also seems that she and Harriette Kellogg were somewhat kindred spirits who not only worked together, but promoted an upbeat environment in the botany department. Charlotte "was a generous loyal friend, gifted with the art of human understanding .... Her delicate, alert sense of humor constantly brightened the routine of the day (Firkins 1938)." She is represented in the Putnam Museum by two specimens (Brassica sinapistrum (= Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis) and Rumex crispus) collected in July of 1904 in Ames, Iowa. She and Harriette Kellogg are listed as co-collectors. .......... 46620252. 2008. Charlotte M. King. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com. 2022. Charlotte M. King. OEMIG Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anderson, Kim, Lori Bousson, Lindsey Hillgartner, & Laura Sullivan. 2017. Charlotte King. in A More Beautiful Iowa: Iowa's State Parks System. University Library Online Exhibit. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Beyer, Samuel W. 1901. Report of the Secretary. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 8:12. Carver, George Washington. 1942. Nature's garden for victory and peace. Ag. Research & Expt. Station. Tuskegee Institute, Alabama. pp. 9, 10 & 13 of 25. Firkins, B. J. 1938. In Memoriam: Charles L. Robbins; Percy Edgar Brown; Richard Philip Baker; Erwin Oliver Finkenbinder; Charlotte M. King. Proc. Iowa Acad. Science 45(1):31-40. IAGenWeb Project. 2014. Class of '84. West High School Alumni Directory. West Des Moines, Iowa. King, Charlotte M. 1903. The phenology of our trees. Proc. Iowa Park and Forestry Assoc. pp. 47-53. King, Charlotte M. 1904. Observations on the phenology of the plants of Ames. Report Iowa State Hort. Soc. 39:114-137. Macbride, Thomas H. 1912. Twenty-five years of botany in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 19:43-64. Marple, Alice. 1918. Iowa Authors and Their Works: A Contribution Toward a Bibliography. Historical Dept. of Iowa. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 161 & 219 of 359. Ockerbloom, John Mark (ed.). 2016. Online books by Charlotte M. King. The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pammel, L. H. 1910. A manual of poisonous plants. The Torch Press. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 150 pp. Pammel, L. H. 1911. Weeds of the Farm and Garden. Orange Judd Company. New York. 281 pp. Pammel, L. H. 1913. The weed flora of Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv. Bull. 4. Des Moines, Iowa. 921 pp. Pammel, L. H. & Charlotte M. King. 1912a. Unlawful weeds and their extermination. Iowa Ag. Expt. Station Circulars. Paper 5. 18 pp. Pammel, L. H. & Charlotte M. King. 1912b. Four new fungous diseases in Iowa. Agricultural Experiment Station. Iowa State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. Ames, Iowa. Bull. 131. pp. 199-221. Pammel, L. H. & C. M. King. 1920. The germination of some trees and shrubs and their juvenile forms. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 27:75-80. Pammel, L. H. & Charlotte M. King. 1930. Honey plants of Iowa. Iowa Geol. Surv. No.7. Pammel, L. H., Charlotte M. King, & J. L. Seal. 1915. Corn Stalk and Corn Root Diseases in Iowa. Iowa Ag. Expt. Station Circulars. Paper 21. 8 pp. Pammel, L. H. & C. M. King. 1918. The germination of some trees and shrubs and the juvenile forms. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 25:291-340. Patch, Edith M. 1910a. Gall aphids of the elm. Bull. 181. 26th Annual Rpt. Maine Ag. Expt. Station. pp. 193-240. (see figures 164-172) Patch, Edith M. 1910b. Four rare aphid genera from Maine. Bull. 182. 26th Annual Rpt. Maine Ag. Expt. Station. pp. 241-248. (see figures 203-207) Reid, Debra A. & Deborah Evans. 2018. Winter nature studies. The Henry Ford. Dearborn, Michigan. Simpson College. 2016. George Washington Carver. Dunn Library. Archives & Special Collections. Simpson College. Indianola, Iowa. Tiffany, Lois Hattery. 1975. Reflections on women scientists and the Iowa Academy of Science. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 82(2):94-95. Knipe, Samuel Worman (1840 - 1913)
Samuel W. Knipe was born (April 25, 1840) in Line Lexington, Pennsylvania to Simon and Hester Knipe (Ancestry.com 2022, JSerio 2012, Kron 2016). No details regarding his early education have been uncovered thus far, but Samuel's post-secondary education began as a midshipman at the U.S. Naval Academy (1856-1858) and continued as a student at Washington & Jefferson College in 1865 (Griffiths 1856, Eaton & Woods 1902, Toucey 1859). The War Between the States interrupted Knipe's studies, when he served as a private in the Second Pennsylvania Militia beginning in 1863. Samuel ultimately earned his bachelor's degree from Lafayette College (Easton, Pennsylvania) with the class of 1867 (Burns et al. 1873, Coffin 1879, Coffin et al. 1891, Lafayette College 1886). It appears that Sarah Amelia McEwen met Samuel when he was a theology student and accepted his proposal of marriage. The couple exchanged vows in April 1870 and following his ordainment, they moved to Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. All three of their children were born in that locality — Edwin (1871), Bertha (1874), and Leighton (1878) (Ancestry.com 2022, Kron 2016). Knipe completed his religious studies at Western Theological Seminary (Allegheny, Pennsylvania) in 1870, was ordained as a Presbyterian minister, and became the pastor of Mountain Church at Delaware Water Gap, Pennsylvania. From Mountain Church he and his family moved on to Oceanic, New Jersey, where Samuel ministered to a flock from 1883 to 1907 (Allegheny Evening Record 1897, Burns et al. 1873, Coffin 1879, Coffin et al. 1891, Davis 1905, Kelso & Farmer 1909). He then retired and established a residence with Sarah in Phoenix, Arizona, where they lived until their deaths in 1913 (Ancestry.com 2022, Kelso & Farmer 1909, JSerio 2012). Their former residence, built for them by their son Leighton G. Knipe, is now on the Phoenix Historic Property Register and a lengthy, challenging rehabilitation of the property and the Roosevelt Row district of Phoenix has taken place (Chryssovergis 2017, Johnson 2013). Though Knipe was a naturalist engaged in botany and mineralogy, who was interested in exchanging specimens with other like-minded individuals (Casino 1877), he published scholarly documents on neither topic. Nevertheless, his botanical contributions as a student of the flora of the northeastern United States were formally recognized by other authors (Britton 1889, Holland 1901-1903). Three angiosperm specimens (Collinsia verna, Silene nivea, Silene virginica) collected in 1896 by S.W. Knipe in Pennsylvania are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A number of additional specimens collected by S.W. Knipe may be perused via the iDigBio and/or the SEINet specimen database. .......... Allegheny Evening Record. 1897. City of Allegheny, PA - History and institutions. Duquesne Printing & Publishing Co. Allegheny, Pennsylvania. p. 31 of 91. Ancestry.com. 2022. Samuel Worman Knipe. McEwen-Serio 84 Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Britton, N.L. 1889. Catalogue of plants found in New Jersey. in Final report of the state geologist. Vol. 2. John L. Murphy Publ. Co. Trenton, New Jersey. pp. 27-642. Burns, C.E., S.G. Barnes, & W.H. Schuyler. 1873. Catalogue of alumni. The Lafayette Monthly. 3:297. Casino, Samuel E. 1877. The Naturalists' Directory. The Naturalists' Agency. Salem, Massachusetts. p. 21. Chryssovergis, Alexa. 2017. Phoenix seeks buyer for historic house in Roosevelt Row amid fears. The Republic. Phoenix, Arizona. Johnson, Michael. 2013. Downtown, Aviation, and Redevelopment Subcommittee. Phoenix City Council. Phoenix, Arizona. October 2, 2013. Coffin, Seldon J. 1879. Record of the Men of Lafayette. Skinner & Finch, printers. Easton, Pennsylvania. p. 72 of 358. Coffin, Seldon J., William B. Owen, & Alden March. 1891. Record of the Men of Lafayette; 1826-1893. George W. West. Easton, Pennsylvania. pp. 90, 187, 292, 309 of 342. Davis, W.W.H. 1905. The history of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Vol. II, Chapter XXVI, Schools and education. Democrat Book and Job Office Print. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. pp. 375 of 399 + appendix. Eaton, S.J.M. & Henry Woods (eds.). 1902. Biographical and historical catalogue of Washington and Jefferson College. George H. Buchanan & Co. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 622 of 650. Griffiths, Oliver W. (ed.) 1856. Naval Academy at Annapolis - appointment of acting midshipmen. U.S. nautical magazine and naval journal. 5(2):155-156. Holland, W.J. (director) 1901-1903. Annual report of the director. The Carnegie Museum: Pittsburgh. Publ. Carnegie Museum. Volumes 4-8. JSerio. 2012. Rev. Samuel Worman Knipe. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Kelso, James A. & Wm. R. Farmer. 1909. Biographical catalogue. Bull. Western Theological Seminary. 1:153. Kron, Charles. 2016. The Genealogical Research of Charles Kron. Roots Web. Ancestry.com community. Lafayette College. 1886. Fifty-fifth annual catalogue of the officers and students of Lafayette College for the year 1886 - 1887. Easton, Pennsylvania. p. 46 of 56. Toucey, Isaac. (sec'y) 1859. Register of the commissioned and warrant officers of the Navy of the United States. William A. Harris, printer. Washington, D.C. p. 100 of 162. Knowlton, Clarence Hinckley (1876 - 1956) Clarence Knowlton (September 1876) and his sister, Helen (October 1879), were the children of David H. and Clara Knowlton. Clarence was born and raised in Farmington, Maine, where his father published the local newspaper and ran a printing shop (Ancestry.com 2022, Bean 1956, Chastain-White 2010). Clarence studied education at Farmington State Normal School and, after graduating in 1894 (Bean 1956, Smith 1908), he continued in the same field at Harvard College (Bean 1956, Harvard University 1902-1904). Following graduation from Harvard in 1899, Knowlton served as a teacher and/or administrator in three different schools in Massachusetts and botanized localities in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and other states in New England (Bean 1956, iDigBio portal 2017, Waters 1917). Eventually, Clarence followed in his father's footsteps and in 1906 he left education to work for the D.C. Heath publishing company. Clarence served the company in a variety of capacities, but he ultimately focused on sales of educational materials. Clarence retired from D.C. Heath after 43 years of employment in 1949 (Bean 1956). In 1907 Knowlton married Lydia Annie Hunter of Machias, Maine, but they established a residence in Hingham, Massachusetts. The couple also maintained a lodging near Annie's hometown, which served as a summer getaway, as well as a base camp for Clarence's botanical forays in Washington County, Maine (Bean 1956, Francis 2015). Once established in Massachusetts, Knowlton became one of the founding members of the Hingham Historical Society in 1914 (Hingham Historical Society 2016). He also maintained an active membership in the Josselyn Botanical Society of Maine (Fellows et al. 1907-1920) and he held three different positions in the New England Botanical Club between 1917 and 1952 (Knowlton et al. 1912, New England Botanical Club 2016). In Hingham, Knowlton was a dedicated member of the South Shore Nature Club, which led to his publications dealing with the goldenrods, trees, asters, and other plants of the Hingham region (Bean 1956; Knowlton 1924, 1930, 1931, 1933, 1944). Knowlton's varied botanical interests are reflected in his publication history. He authored a number of papers describing the flora of areas of Quebec, Maine, Massachusetts, and New England in general (Google Scholar 2017, Knowlton 1911a&b). At other times Clarence focused on members of a specific genera such as Ilex, Rhododendron, Butomus, and Nuphar (BioStor 2016, Burchsted 2015, Knowlton 1950). In 1929 Clarence changed tack and co-authored the sixth and seventh volumes of the D.C. Heath American history series "America's Story for America's Children" (Knowlton et al. 1929a & b). A complete synopsis of C.H. Knowlton's publication history is available via Google Scholar. Knowlton is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by three specimens (Houstonia caerulea, Oakesia sessilifolia (= Uvularia sessilifolia), Ranunculus abortivus) he collected in Farmington, Maine in 1892, all of which are part of a small bound herbarium assembled by Rebecca M. Austin. A number of additional specimens collected by S.W. Knipe may be perused via the iDigBio and/or the SEINet specimen database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Clarence Hinckley Knowlton. George Sinkinson Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bean, Ralph C. 1956. Clarence Hinckley Knowlton. New England Jrnl. Bot. 58:157-160. BioStor. 2016. Search results for Clarence H Knowlton. Articles from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Burchsted, Fred. 2015. New England Naturalists: A Bio-Bibliography. Harvard Library - Research Guides. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chastain-White, Cheryl. 2010. Clarence Hinkley Knowlton. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Fellows, Dana W., Clarence H. Knowlton, & Edward B. Chamberlain. (Publ. Committee) 1907-1920. Bull. Josselyn Bot. Soc. of Maine. Bulletins 1-6. Marks Printing House. Portland, Maine. Francis, Charles. 2015. Of fiddleheads and ferns. Discover Maine. 24:58-61. Google Scholar. 2017. Clarence H. Knowlton. Google Scholar publication search results. Harvard University. 1902 - 1904. Names and addresses of living bachelors and masters of arts and of the holders of honorary degrees of Harvard University. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. p. 155 (1902), p. 154 (1903), & p. 152 (1904). Hingham Historical Society. 2016. A century of history. Hingham Historical Society. Hingham, Massachusetts. iDigBio portal. 2017. Specimen database. Integrated Digitized Biocollections. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1911a. The boreal flora of the Washington County coast. Bull. Josselyn Bot. Soc. Maine 4:11. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1911b. An excursion to Mt. Washington, Massachusetts and Bash-Bish Falls. Rhodora 21:198-202. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1924. Notes on the plants of Hingham, Massachusetts. Rhodora 26:175-177. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1930. The goldenrods of Massachusetts south shore. South Shore Nature Club. 8 pp. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1931. The Asters of the Massachusetts south shore: Quincy to Duxbury, and Inland. South Shore Nature Club. 10 pp. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1933. Trees of Massachusetts south shore. South Shore Nature Club. 13 pp. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1944. Shrubs and vines of Massachusetts south shore. South Shore Nature Club. 20 pp. Knowlton, Clarence H. 1950. Rhododendron maximum in New England. Rhodora 52:215-218. Knowlton, C.H., M. L. Fernald, & F. G. Floyd. 1912. Field excursions of the New England Botanical Club. Rhodora 14:71-76. Knowlton, Clarence H., Gertrude L. Stone, & M. Grace Fickett. 1929a. The young republic. America's Story for America's Children. Vol. 6. D.C. Heath & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. 185 pp. Knowlton, Clarence H., Gertrude L. Stone, & M. Grace Fickett. 1929b. America grows up. America's Story for America's Children. Vol. 7. D.C. Heath & Co. Boston, Massachusetts. 202 pp. New England Botanical Club. 2016. Past officers of the New England Botanical Club. New England Botanical Club. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Smith, Payson. 1908. Report of the state superintendent of schools of the state of Maine. Sentinel Publ. Co. Waterville, Maine. p. 81 of 193. Waters, Wilson. 1917. History of Chelmsford, Massachusetts. Courier-Citizen Company. Lowell, Massachusetts. Lambert, John Joseph (1871 – 1946) John Joseph Lambert was born February 13, 1871 in Argyle, Wisconsin. He was a son of Furniss (Butler) Lambert (identity of mother unknown) and he had six siblings: 3 sisters and 3 brothers (Ancestry.com 2024, Judee 2011). The family remained in Wisconsin until 1889, when they moved to Alden, Iowa. It appears the Lambert family relocated to Cedar Falls, Iowa in 1894, but it’s not clear whether John was living with the family at the time (Furry Bros. 1894). Nothing has been uncovered about his early education. It was reported that John began teacher education classes as early as 1890 (Furry Bros. 1890) and later it appears he attended business schools in Des Moines and Cedar Rapids (Furry Bros. 1892 & 1893). John, along with his brothers Byron and Charles, earned a "Master of Didactics" degree in 1897 from Iowa State Normal School (present-day University of Northern Iowa) in Cedar Falls, Iowa and he graduated in 1897 from that institution (Furry Bros. 1897, Green 1946). However, no information has been uncovered that indicates he ever became a teacher or was employed in a business-related occupation. Lambert continued his education at the University of Iowa, where he completed his B.Ph. in 1899 (Green 1946, Lundberg 1923). Gertrude Lulu Bennett was born and raised in the vicinity of Alden, Iowa. By some happenstance she met John J. Lambert, after his family moved to Alden, and she eventually accepted John’s marriage proposal. The couple’s wedding occurred on August 22, 1900 in Alden. John accepted a position to teach morphology at the University of Iowa and they moved to Iowa City shortly after their wedding (Ancestry.com 2024, Harman Co. 1900). John earned his M.S. in 1901, with his thesis topic being "The cytology of the digestive tract of Necturus Maculatus" (Edwards 1952, Springer 1901a). He was accepted into the university’s medical school and earned his M.D. in 1909 (Johnston 1909, Lundberg 1923, Springer 1901b). During his tenure at the University of Iowa, Lambert was a member of Sigma Xi (Springer 1902) and he was a professor of anatomy, embryology, and histology from 1898 through 1925 (Lundberg 1923). John and Gertrude had two sons: Kenneth (born in 1901) and Standish (born in 1905). Gertrude perished in 1915 in the State Hospital at Independence, Iowa and John remained single until December 22, 1916, when he married Mary Raymond in Chicago, Illinois. John and Mary did not have any additional children (Ancestry.com 2024, Hardman 1915, Hartman 1915), but they did move to New York, where John took a position as a resident at a private mental health facility (Four Winds Hospital in Katonah, New York) founded and managed by Dr. Charles Lambert, his brother (Green 1946, Lundberg 1923, Springer 1899). John's sons, Kenneth and Standish, earned degrees in engineering from the University of Iowa and eventually took positions in the California-based motion picture industry. So, when John retired in 1937, he and Mary moved to Santa Monica, California to be closer to his sons (Green 1946). John J. Lambert is included among this collection of biographies, because one specimen of Acer saccharinum (silver maple) was harvested by him in Cedar Falls, Iowa. The plant was collected in 1891 and is now part of the Putnam Museum herbarium. .......... Ancestry.com. 2024. John Joseph Lambert. Stokes Miranne family tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah. Edwards, Sarah Scott. 1952. Theses and Dissertations Presented in the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa, 1900-1950. Libraries. State University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 281 of 351. Furry Bros. (publishers) 1890. Locals. The Alden Times. Alden, Iowa. column 3. August 8, 1890. Furry Bros. (publishers) 1892. Locals. The Alden Times. Alden, Iowa. p. 9. column 1. April 1, 1892. Furry Bros. (publishers) 1893. Locals. The Alden Times. Alden, Iowa. p. 2. column 2. January 6 1893. Furry Bros. (publishers) 1894. Local. The Alden Times. Alden, Iowa. p. 9. column 3. March 9, 1894. Furry Bros. (publishers) 1897. Locals. The Alden Times. Alden, Iowa. p. 9. column 3. June 11, 1897. Green, Edwin B. (ed.) 1946. Dr. John J. Lambert, 75, Dies in Santa Monica, California. Iowa City Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 2. columns 4 & 5. June 10, 1946. Hardman, J.E. (ed.) 1915. Mrs. J.J. Lambert dies suddenly. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 10. column 2. February 16, 1915. Harman Co., W. H. 1900. Cedar Falls news. Waterloo Daily Courier. August 25, 1900. Hartman, John C. (ed.) 1915. Mortuary. Waterloo Evening Courier and Reporter. p. 12. column 4. February 17, 1915. Johnston, Elmer L. (proprietor) 1909. Spirit of the University. Iowa City Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 4. columns 3-4. June 15, 1909. Judee. 2011. Dr. John Joseph Lambert. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Lundberg, C.R. 1923. State of Iowa. Official Record. 1923-1924. 30th number. Des Moines. p. 164 of 655. Springer, J. (ed.) 1899. The convocation. Daily Iowa State Press. p. 3. columns 2 & 3 5. Iowa City, Iowa. September 15, 1899. Springer, J. (ed.) 1901a. The graduate college. Daily Iowa State Press. p. 3. column 5. Iowa City, Iowa. February 1, 1901. Springer, J. (ed.) 1901b. Greeting a new world. Daily Iowa State Press. p. 4. columns 2-5. Iowa City, Iowa. June 13, 1901. Springer, J. (ed.) 1902. The Sigma Xi. Daily Iowa State Press. p. 4. columns 3-4. Iowa City, Iowa. April 18, 1902. Langlois, Augustus Barthelemy (1832 - 1900)
Augustus (Auguste) Barthelemy Langlois was born in April 1832 in Chavanay, France and completed his initial education at Montbrison (Appleton 1901, Bienvenu 1900, Conrad 1988, Ewan 2004, Lamson-Scribner 1893). It was while studying in Montbrison, that Langlois' botanical pursuits began as he assembled a 1200-1300 specimen collection of plants from the region (Appleton 1901, Bienvenu 1900, Dix 1954, Finch 2012, Lamson-Scribner 1893). In 1855 he emigrated to the United States and spent two years in Cincinnati, Ohio, completing his religious studies at Mount St. Mary of the West Seminary (Appleton 1901, Bienvenu 1900, Conrad 1988, Ewan 2004, JSTOR 2013, Lamson-Scribner 1893). Following his ordination in 1857, Langlois was the appointed replacement for the murdered rector in Point-al-la-Hache (elevation 3 feet), Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, which lies along the last 70 to 80 miles of the Mississippi River. Langlois remained in Plaquemines Parish for thirty years, but moved to St. Martinville (elevation 23 ft.), St. Martin Parish, Louisiana in 1887 (Appleton 1901, Bienvenu 1900, Dix 1954, Ewan 2004, Lamson-Scribner 1893). Even though Point-al-la-Hache was far removed from the centers of botanical of investigation in 1857, Langlois set about collecting the plants of region surrounding his new home. Since he had no reference texts and he was wholly unfamiliar with any of the American botanists, he sent his first group of collections, about 300 plants, to France for identification. "France" did not reply, Langlois evidently became discouraged, and he appears to have abandoned botany for the next 20 years to focus on serving his Plaquemines Parish flock and to establish St. Cecilia Parish at Jesuit Bend, Louisiana in 1871 (Dix 1954, iDigBio, Lamson-Scribner 1893, SEINet). By 1878 Langlois returned to the study of plants using references such as Alphonso Woods' (1871) "Class-book of botany" and Dr. Alvin W. Chapman's (1860) "Flora of the southern United States". According to Frank Lamson-Scribner (1893), A.B. Langlois described his renewed interest in botany as follows. "By accident I learned that there was a botanist, "Dr. Puissant, at the Ecclesiastical Seminary of Troy, N.Y., and I immediately wrote to him offering Southern plants for Northern ones, and I received from the doctor about 500 species. Soon after I found out there was published here a "Botanical Gazette," for which I immediately subscribed. From this journal I learned many things unknown to me before; through its advertisements I got plants from Eggert, of Missouri, Pringle, of Vermont, and a check-list from Patterson, of Illinois. Then I began to know and appreciate the advantages of having correspondents. The ones who have been of greatest service to me in Phanerogams are Morong, of Massachusetts, Wibbe, of New York, and later, J. Donnell Smith, of Baltimore. In grasses I have been assisted by Dr. Vasey, of Washington, and in Cyperaceae by Connant (Lamson-Scribner 1893, pp. 326-327)." "In 1884, through the kindness of Mr. Lehnert, of Washington, I began the study of mosses, liverworts and lichens, and in the latter part of 1885, at the suggestion of Mr. Scribner, I began the study of fungi. I soon acquired a deep interest in these plants, and have been greatly aided in their study by Prof. Ellis, of New Jersey. The mycological flora of Louisiana being so rich and at the same time so poorly known, I have for the past three years given almost my entire attention to it. Every day I make new discoveries, and I am yet far from having exhausted this intensely interesting part of the Louisiana flora (Lamson-Scribner 1893, p. 327)."
During his career, Langlois diligently collected, identified, and stored thousands of plant specimens from Louisiana. In addition to assembling his personal herbarium, Father Langlois published a catalog of his discoveries in "Catalogue provisoire de plantes phanerogames et cryptogames de la Basse-Louisiane" (Langlois 1887) and lectured on botany at Catholic Winter School in New Orleans (Langlois 1896, Sheedy 1896) and DePaul University (Chicago, Illinois). Langlois spent the last 13 years of his life (1887-1900) as pastor of the St. Martin de Tours Parish in St. Martinville, Louisiana, where he perished on the last day of July in 1900 (Bienvenu 1900, Conrad 1988). A.B. Langlois' collections were cited in a number of papers, but he did not publish on his work extensively. Beyond the catalogue mentioned above, Fr. Langlois published a piece on the edible and/or poisonous aspects of some mushrooms (Langlois 1898) and he co-authored a paper on species of fungi new to Louisiana (Ellis & Langlois 1890). In 1896 E.L. Greene dedicated the genus Langloisia "to a most laborious and deserving botanist, the Reverend Father A. B. Langlois of St. Martinsville, Louisiana (Green 1896)." Today, only the single species Langloisia setosissima (Torr.) Greene is recognized from that genus of the Polemoniaceae (Plants of the World Online 2022). Other taxa named after Langlois include Sisyrinchium langloisii Greene and Viola langloisii Greene (Plants of the World Online 2022). Langlois' herbarium, which totaled about 20,000 specimens, went to the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. in 1896. That assemblage was named the Langlois Herbarium (LCU) in honor of l'Abbe August Barthelemy Langlois, but the collection was sold off in 1985-1986 (Conrad 1988, McCormick 2006, Tucker et al. 1989). Today Langlois specimens from several dozen herbaria in the United States may be viewed via the iDigBio and SEINet specimen databases. Langlois is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Azolla caroliniana that he collected in June of 1889 at Bayou Tortue, Louisiana. .......... Appleton, D. 1901. Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the year 1900. D. Appleton & Company. New York. p. 485 of 803. Bienvenu, Albert. (proprietor) 1900. Father Langlois dead. The Weekly Messenger. St. Martinville, Louisiana. August 4, 1900. p. 2. columns 1-3. Conrad, Glenn R. (ed.) 1988. Dictionary of Louisiana biography. Louisiana Historical Association. Lafayette, Louisiana. 1132 pp. Dix, W.L. 1954. Langlois' Louisiana Cladoniae. The Bryologist 57:156-159. Ellis, J.B. & A.B. Langlois. 1890. New Species of Louisiana Fungi. Jrnl. of Mycology 6:35-37. Ewan, Joseph A. 2004. Notes on Louisiana botany and botanists, 1718-1975. SIDA. 21:2275-2296. Finch, Scout. 2012. Rev. Fr. Augustus Barthelmy Langlois. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Greene, Edward L. 1896. New genus of Polemoniaceae. Pittonia 3(13):29-30. JSTOR. 2013. Langlois, Auguste Barthelemy (1832-1900). Global Plants. Lamson-Scribner, F. 1893. Southern botanists. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 20:326-328. Langlois, A.B. 1887. Catalogue provisoire de plantes phanerogames et cryptogames de la Basse-Louisiane. Point-al-la-Hache, Louisiane. 35 pp. Langlois, Auguste Barthelemy. 1896. Two Lectures on Botany Delivered at the Catholic Winter School, March 20 and 21, 1896. Philippe's Printery. Langlois, Rev. A.B. 1898. The greater Agarics, with special reference to their poisonous and non-poisonous qualities. Proc. Louisiana Soc. Naturalists. pp. 47-60. McCormick, Carol Ann. 2006. Abbe Auguste Barthelemy Langlois. Collectors of the UNC Herbarium. University of North Carolina. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Plants of the World Online. 2022. Langloisia Greene. Royal Botanic Garden. Kew, United Kingdom. Sheedy, Rev. Morgan M. 1896. The Catholic winter school. The Rosary Magazine 8:384-392. Tucker, Arthur O., Muriel E. Poston, and Hugh H. Iltis. 1989. History of the LCU herbarium, 1895-1986. Taxon 38(2):196-203. Woods, Alphonso. 1871. Class-book of botany. Moore and Nims. Troy, New York. 645 pp.
"Most popularly known as the Father of American Vertebrate Paleontology, Leidy was also the Founder of American Parasitology, a Professor of Anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, a pioneering protozoologist, an influential teacher of natural history, a devoted microscopist, an accomplished scientific illustrator, and an expert on a variety of subjects. He published scientific papers on more than a thousand extinct and living protozoa, fungi and animals as well as an assortment of publications on human biology and medicine (Nolan 1898)." Joseph Leidy was born September 9, 1823 to Philip and Catherine Leidy in Philadelphia — the third of four children (only two of the four children survived past infancy). In 1825, about a year and a half after Joseph's birth, Catherine perished during the delivery of Joseph's younger brother, Thomas. Shortly thereafter, Philip married Christiana Mellick and they successfully raised Joseph and Thomas, plus Philip and Christiana had another six children together (Ancestry.com 2022, Spitzka 1907). [As an aside, depending upon the source consulted, Christiana and Catherine were sisters, step-sisters, or cousins (Chapman 1891, Penn People n.d., Ruschenberger 1892, Spitzka 1907).] Philip Leidy, Sr. was a fairly prosperous hatter, so he had the financial means to provide Joseph with a private education; at least part of which took place at Reverend William Mann's Classical Academy (see Jordan 1911) in Philadelphia. As a student, Joseph showed a particular interest in various segments of natural history (like botany, entomology, mineralogy) and he often preferred the out of doors to classroom studies (Chapman 1891, Osborn 1913, Penn People n.d., Whitely 1820). The youthful Joseph displayed a particular knack for sketching the objects he observed and, about the time he was to graduate (age 16), his father pressed him to become an artist (more specifically, a sign painter (Ruschenberger 1892)). At about the same time Joseph had accepted a position working in a pharmacy owned and operated by a family relative. He was a sharp young man, his apprenticeship was a success, and he learned enough chemistry to show promise as a compounding pharmacist (again, at age 16). Joseph was even recommended for a position as a drug store proprietor, but his step-mother interceded, and Leidy's career path was forever altered. Christiana had observed the care with which Joseph dissected small animals (like chickens, cats, and dogs) and interpreted those skills as indicators that he would do well to become a physician (Chapman 1891, Osborn 1913). Christiana's argument in favor of medicine won out over Philip's leanings towards artistry and the 17-year-old Joseph began his medical education in 1840, studying privately under the anatomist Dr. James McClintock. A year later he enrolled in the University of Pennsylvania medical school, with Dr. Paul B. Goddard acting as his major advisor and, under whose guidance, Leidy was introduced to the field of microscopy. In 1844 Joseph Leidy received the M.D. from Penn after presenting his thesis on "The Comparative Anatomy of the Eye of Vertebrated Animals" (Chapman 1891, G.A.P. 1891, Osborn 1913, Penn People n.d.). During medical school, as a protege of Dr. William Edmonds Horner (professor of anatomy), Leidy became such a skilled anatomist that he was appointed prosector at the University of Pennsylvania. He continued in that position from 1845 to about 1852 (Chapman 1891). Horner's health began to fail in late 1852 and Leidy took over his medical school lectures in anatomy. He was a remarkably skilled instructor and at the time of Horner's passing in 1853, Leidy was promoted to Professor of Anatomy, a position he retained for the next 40 years (Chapman 1891, Osborn 1913). Dr. Leidy began a medical practice in Philadelphia soon after earning his M.D., but he continued the vocation for only a brief period. In the late 1840s he was mentioned as having completed post-mortem examinations (e.g. Swain, Abell, & Simmons 1847 & 1848), a task he likely completed during his affiliation with Franklin Medical College (Penn People n.d.). Later he was identified as the pathologist in the early 1860s for St. Joseph's Hospital (Harding 1861) and, during the Civil War, Dr. Leidy treated military personnel at Satterlee Military Hospital. It appears Joseph spent a relatively short portion of his life as a bona fide medical practitioner, because he found scientific investigations more rewarding than medicine. In 1845 he completed dissections and sketches of snails for Amos Binney's text on terrestrial air-breathing mollusks (Binney 1851, Penn People n.d., Ruschenberger 1892) — though Joseph's penchant for dissection may have made him a somewhat risky dinner guest (see Warren 1998, p. 146). During the same year, Leidy presented four papers (see Osborn 1913 - page 370) that so impressed the scientific community, he was granted membership in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the Boston Society of Natural History before the year's end (Osborn 1913, Penn People n.d.). Leidy received a twelve-month appointment as librarian of the Philadelphia Academy in 1845, the following year he was elected as one of the Academy's curators, and then in 1847, he achieved the level of Chairman of the Board of Curators, a position he held until his passing in 1891 (Chapman 1891, Penn People n.d., Ruschenberger 1892). In the latter half of the 1840s Leidy's interest in paleontology came to the fore with his publications on extinct horses and cameloids from North America (Leidy 1847 a&b) and that led to his text on "The ancient fauna of Nebraska" (Leidy 1853). An interesting part of Leidy's paleontological legacy involves academic chicanery, conceit, deceit, egos, and skulduggery between Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh in what has been labeled "The Bone Wars". Regrettably, that which began as a friendly acquaintanceship developed into an acrimonious competition. Cope, who developed an early and fervent interest in natural history, was a member of a wealthy Quaker family in Philadelphia. Edward was mentored by Leidy, was elected a member of Philadelphia's Academy of Natural Sciences as a very young man, and became a zoology professor at Haverford College (Garrett 1892, Hayton 2014). Marsh, on the other hand, came from very humble beginnings, but his uncle, George Peabody, had finances aplenty. Marsh convinced Uncle George to contribute funds for the construction of a museum at Yale University (the Peabody Museum of Natural History) and at about the same time Marsh was awarded a professorship in paleontology at Yale. Shortly thereafter, Marsh was appointed a Peabody Museum curatorship and became the institution's informal director. The Cope-Marsh relationship started to go south in the 1860s, when Cope took Marsh to one of his fossil collecting spots in New Jersey. Things were cordial enough, until Cope learned that Marsh had bribed workers to send fossils they found to him instead of Cope, and thereafter the two unmercifully attacked each other in print (Dinoman 2018, Engber 2013, Everhart 2013, Flank 2015, Peabody Museum 2017). In 1869 Cope described a plesiosaur (Elasmosaurus platyurus) unearthed in Kansas, but his reconstruction placed the head on the wrong end of the skeleton and Leidy pointed out the error in a presentation before the Philadelphia Academy (Leidy 1870 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia). Cope tried to collect all of the advance journal copies bearing the erroneous illustration and he published a corrected version in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (Cope 1869a&b), but the damage was done. The antagonist Marsh held on to copies with the erroneous figure and used them to embarrass and vilify Cope. Then, in the early 1870s Union Pacific railroad workers uncovered a fossil treasure trove at Como Bluff, Wyoming Territory. For the next 20 years Cope and Marsh often behaved more like feuding children than respected paleontologists. Even though the two described over 100 new dinosaur species, each tried to one-up the other via distinctly intemperate means. They spied on each other, bribed fossil excavation teams, knowingly described species the other man had already described, and dynamited fossil bearing sites to prevent the competitor from gaining any usable information. Each man tried to burnish his own reputation, while seeking to tarnish the other's. It was a truly remarkable and ignominious chapter in the history of North American paleontology, which has been described in much greater and more compelling detail by authors such as Dinoman (2018), Engber (2013), Everhart (2013), Flank (2015), Peters (2015), Switek (2016), and others. Though Leidy's story isn't as colorful or melodramatic as that of Cope and Marsh, his remarkable contributions to paleontology (e.g. Leidy 1847 a&b, 1853, 1870, 1873), his breadth of interests, and the degree of his investigatory success cannot be overstated. Leidy's publication resumé is the very definition of diversity (Google Scholar 2017). His research topics varied from parasites to Planaria, leeches to locust wings, pelican lice to pigs (actually Trichina), and organisms that were extant or extinct. Five albums of sketches and notes (botanical and zoological), commemorating Leidy's life and accomplishments are at present at Drexel University (Nolan 1898). He published over 800 scholarly works that encompassed microscopic as well as macroscopic subject matter (BioStor 2016, Osborn 1913, Penn People n.d.). Though a bit hyperbolic, it seems that the title of Leonard Warren's biography of Joseph Leidy's life, "The Last Man Who Knew Everything", is not far off the mark (Warren 1998). Five angiosperm specimens collected by Leidy (in 1872 & 1873) from the Uinta Mountains in the Wyoming Territory are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. They were collected during the two summers Leidy spent in the area of Fort Bridger, Wyoming completing field work in association with the U. S. Geological Survey (Osborn 1913). Leidy described his travels near Fort Bridger in the introduction of "Contributions to the Extinct Vertebrate Fauna of the Western Territories" (Leidy 1873). One locality he called "Dry Creek Canyon" was about 40 miles southeast of Fort Bridger. If his distances and directions are correct, that would have put him in present-day Utah, about eight miles as-the-crow-flies from Leidy Peak, Utah (Utah Lepidopterists' Society 2017). Additional preserved specimens collected by Joseph Leidy may be viewed using the iDigBio and the SEINet databases. The preceding lines fall far short of doing justice to the accomplishments of Dr. Joseph Leidy, but the works cited below and other available resources encapsulate Leidy's career eloquently and comprehensively. Perhaps it is best to conclude by paraphrasing and quoting Glassman, Bolt, and Spamer (1993). Leidy was a man who was greatly admired by his contemporaries and whose body of scientific work was greatly respected. "The versatility of Leidy's career makes it difficult for the twentieth century to appreciate, or even comprehend. Besides establishing the field of North American paleontology he advanced anatomy and parasitology; in every area of science that he worked, however briefly, he made fundamental contributions." .......... Academy of Nature Sciences. 2022. Don't serve Leidy anything he can dissect. Drexel University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ancestry.com. 2022. Clarence Hinckley Knowlton. Leidy Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Binney, Amos. 1851. The terrestrial air-breathing mollusks of the United States, and the adjacent territories of North America. Vol. 1. Charles C. Little & James Brown. Boston, Massachusetts. BioStor. 2016. Search results for Joseph Leidy. Articles from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Chapman, Henry C. 1891. Memoir of Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 43:342-388. Cope, Edward D. 1869a. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America. Part 1. Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. Vol. 14. [original version, including erroneous plate 2 following p. 104] Cope, Edward D. 1869b. Synopsis of the extinct Batrachia, Reptilia, and Aves of North America. Part 1. Trans. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. Vol. 14. [edited version, including revised plate 2 following p. 104] Dinoman. 2018. The bone wars. The dinozone. Engber, Daniel. 2013. Bone Thugs-N-Disharmony. Was forgotten paleontologist Joseph Leidy a casualty of the famous dinosaur wars?. Slate. August 7, 2013. Everhart, Mike. 2013. The tale of a tail: Or how easy it was to put the head on the wrong end of Elasmosaurus platyurus Cope 1868. Oceans of Kansas paleontology. Fossils from the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Sea. Flank, Lenny. 2015. Edward Cope, Othniel Marsh, and the "Bone Wars". Daily Kos. Kos Media, LLC. G.A.P. 1891. Obituary - Dr. Joseph Leidy. The Medical and Surgical Reporter. 64:544-546. Garrett, Philip C. 1892. A history of Haverford College for the first sixty years of its existence. Porter & Coates. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp. 317-319, 328, 341 of 730. Glassman, Susan, Eugene A. Bolt, & Earle E. Spamer. 1993. Joseph Leidy and the "Great Inventory of Nature". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 144:1-19. Google Scholar. 2017. Joseph Leidy literature search. Google Inc. Mountain View, California. Harding, William W. (publisher) 1861. Medical - St. Joseph's Hospital. Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 3. column 4. October 24, 1861. Hayton, Darin. 2014. The Choleric Cope: An Exhibition Panel on Edward Drinker Cope. Historian of Science. WebLog. Jordan, John W. (ed.) 1911. Colonial and revolutionary families of Pennsylvania; genealogical and personal memoirs. Vol. III. Lewis Publishing Co. New York City, New York. p. 1474 of 1706. Leidy, Joseph. 1847a. On the fossil horse of America. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3:262-266. Leidy, Joseph. 1847b. On a new genus and species of fossil Ruminantia: Poebrotherium wilsoni. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3:322-326. Leidy, Joseph. 1853. The ancient fauna of Nebraska: or a description of remains of extinct mammalia and chelonia, from the Mauvaises Terres of Nebraska. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C. 126 pp. + plates. Leidy, Joseph. 1870. Remarks: The reptilian remains from the cretaceous formation near Fort Wallace, Kansas, presented to the Academy by Dr. T. H. Turner, and described by Prof. Cope. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. 22:9-10. Leidy, Joseph. 1873. Contributions to the extinct vertebrate fauna of the Western Territories. in Hayden, F.V. 1873. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories. Washington, D.C. Nolan, Edward James. 1898. Joseph Leidy Memorial Albums. Ewell Sale Stewart Library. Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Osborn, Henry Fairfield. 1913. Biographical memoir of Joseph Leidy (1823 - 1891). Nat. Acad. Sci. 7:339-396. Peabody Museum. 2017. Othniel Charles Marsh. Peabody Museum of Natural History. Yale University. New Haven, Connecticut. Penn People. n.d. Joseph Mellick Leidy (1823-1891). University of Pennsylvania University Archives and Records Center. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Peters, David. 2015. The Bone Wars: Then and Now. The Pterosaur Heresies. WebLog. February 21, 2015. Ruschenberger, W.S.W. 1892. A Sketch of the Life of Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D. Proc. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 30:135-184 Spitzka, Edw. Anthony. 1907. A Study of the Brains of Six Eminent Scientists and Scholars Belonging to the American Anthropometric Society, together with a description of the skull of Professor E. D. Cope. Trans. Amer. Philosophical Soc. 21(4):175-308. (see pp. 241-243, regarding Joseph Leidy & pp. 257-258, regarding Philip Leidy, Jr.) Swain, Abell, & Simmons. 1847. Local affairs. Public Ledger. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 2. column 2. November 8, 1847. Swain, Abell, & Simmons. 1848. Local affairs. Public Ledger. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 2. column 3. May 18, 1848. Switek, Brian. 2016. The Battle for the Bone Wars Beasts: Multihorned, saber-toothed herbivores set the stage for one of paleontology's greatest conflicts. Sci. American June 15, 2016. Utah Lepidopterists' Society. 2017. Arctic Alpine - Leidy Peak. Utah habitats for butterflies and moths. Warren, Leonard. 1998. Joseph Leidy: The Last Man Who Knew Everything. Yale University Press. New Haven, Connecticut. 320 pp. Whitely, Edward. 1820. Philadelphia directory and register for 1820. McCarty & Davis, printers. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Lemmon, John Gill (1832 - 1908) Origins. John Gill Lemmon (photo here), one of William and Amila Lemmon's eight children, was born in January 1832. The family, including the six eldest children, moved from Seneca County, New York in the state's Finger Lakes region to Lima Township, Michigan (on the south end of Four Mile Lake, about a dozen miles WNW of Ann Arbor). It was there in Lima Township that John and his younger sister, Jane, arrived. William died in April 1836, Amila survived until 1885, and seven of the children reached adulthood (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Ancestry.com 2022a, countedx58 2007, Guinn 1907, Lemmon 1885, University and Jepson Herbaria Archives 2010). Civil War. "Prof. John Gill Lemmon received his education through an attendance first of the common schools, later private institutions and finally the Michigan State Normal (Guinn 1907)." For a few weeks each spring and each fall, John attended teacher training courses and participated in extracurricular activities at the normal school (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Shearman 1853). "He began teaching a village school upon putting aside his studies and after a few years in which he was so occupied he was made superintendent of county schools, a position which he held for a term of four years (Guinn 1907)." John ultimately enrolled at the University of Michigan with the intension of earning a degree, but that plan was derailed before graduation, when he enlisted as a private with the Fourth Regiment of the Michigan Cavalry in August 1862 for service in the Civil War (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Bradford 2022, Brown 2019, Lemmon 1866, University and Jepson Herbaria Archives 2010). [Some authors indicate John earned a degree from Michigan State Normal School (now Eastern Michigan University); others state that, as mentioned above, he simply completed coursework there.] Lemmon spent 1863 and part of 1864 as a nurse in a Union Army hospital in Nashville, Tennessee. He rejoined the 4th Michigan Regiment in March of 1864 and his unit joined other Union forces as part of Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's push to take Atlanta, Georgia. Lemmon was taken prisoner near Atlanta in late August of 1864 and spent the last six months of the Civil War imprisoned in the camps of Andersonville, Georgia and Florence, South Carolina. Lemmon entered the conflict as a robust 150-pound man and exited as an emaciated skeletal husk. Though greatly debilitated, John was one of the few prisoners who, when liberated from the Florence prison camp in February 1865, was still strong enough to walk (Agnew 2013a&b, Brown 2019, Lemmon 1866, University and Jepson Herbaria Archives 2010). On to California. The physical and mental toll of Lemmon's six-month imprisonment was extraordinary and following his war's-end release, recovery was unsurprisingly gradual. John returned to Michigan, but ultimately decided to venture west to California. He traveled by way of side-wheeler steamship to Panama, across the isthmus, thence north to San Francisco and on October 22, 1866 Lemmon arrived in Randolph, California. There in the Sierra Valley region of northeastern Sierra County he continued his recuperation near his brothers (B. Frank & William C. Lemmon), his mother (Amila), and other family members (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Jimenez 2019). Aided by kith, kin, and the agreeable conditions in northern California, he continued to convalesce from the physical and mental ravages of the Civil War — his body "... increased by a liberal diet of one year, to the weight of about 90 pounds (Lemmon 1908)." Feebly at first, then with greater enthusiasm as his strength improved, Lemmon's interests in natural history were ignited. He first botanized near Frank's Sierraville cabin and then ventured a half-mile or so afield with the aid of his mother and his physician, Dr. David G. Webber (Crosswhite 1979, Farris & Smith 1882, Lemmon 1908). In time, John had assembled a few dozen plants and, following the suggestion of local school teacher, Eliphalet Case, he sent them to California's State Botanist, Henry Bolander, for identification. Bolander responded quickly, writing that he could only identify some of the specimens and suggested that the plants be sent to Asa Gray at Harvard University for verification. The plants were forwarded to Gray and, not long afterward, John was thrilled to receive a letter from him. Gray's response stated in part: "Lots of new plants, but don't work too hard. Take good care of your health. The plants will wait for you. I congratulate you upon the change of a rebel prison pen for a California paradise (Lemmon 1908)." Among the plants John sent to Gray was one the senior botanist named Astragalus lemmonii (Beidleman 2006, Lemmon 1908) — and so began the formal botanical career of John Gill Lemmon in California. Teacher and Bookseller. For a number of months, the enfeebled and often ill-tempered Lemmon wrote letters to California newspapers describing his Civil War experiences (e.g. Lemmon 1867, 1868a&b), but gradually his interest in natural history (particularly botany and entomology) won out over his bitterness (Beidleman 2006, James 1910, Kibbe 1953). Though he had his struggles, John also found some solace beyond Mother Nature's realm and he became a bookseller. As early as May 1871 newspaper snippets appeared describing Lemmon as a traveling merchant in the vicinity of Plumas and Sierra Counties, who was buying and selling books as well as marketing "fine stationery" (Ward 1871a&b). Based upon available newspaper reports, Lemmon dabbled in the bookdealer world during 1871 and his focus returned to education. John had periodically taught in the Sierra Valley school founded by the aforementioned Eliphalet Case (Beidleman 2006), since 1868, but in December 1871 he announced his intension to conduct a series of independent lectures on geography. "Mr. J.G. Lemmon ... will soon visit Plumas, and intends going from district to district, teaching local geography, by musical recitation and otherwise (Ward 1871c)." One of his geography lectures, "Inharmonic Geography; or Peculiarities of the Pacific States", was published in The Plumas National (Lemmon 1872a) and, if comments from community members are any indication, regardless of the venue, J.G. Lemmon was an engaging, well prepared, and effective educator!
Bookseller to Botanist. John Lemmon was plagued by recurring and lingering repercussions of his Civil War incarceration and unintended consequences dogged him. Eliphalet L. Case assumed Lemmon's teaching responsibilities in February 1873, when ill health forced John's resignation (Beidleman 2006, Ward 1873). However, whether ailing and afflicted or hale and hearty, J.G. Lemmon remained resolutely committed to botany. By virtue of his own words, we know that Lemmon began his California botany novitiate in the vicinity of his brother Frank's cabin soon after his arrival, i.e. late 1866 or the spring of 1867 (Lemmon 1908). That timeline is supported by the smattering of J.G. Lemmon specimens reported in the iDigBio and SEINet databases. But according to Lemmon (1876a) and existing plant collection records, "John the Bookseller" completed his transition to "John the Botanist" in 1871, when he was introduced to Butterfly Valley's Cobra Lily. "Butterfly valley is a small out-lying dell in the high forest six miles northwest of Quincy. ... This valley is most intimately related to all my labors, aspirations and achievements — such as they are — for the last five years. The course and aims of my life were so changed by a discovery made here that I beg the reader's indulgence while I narrate." "In Black Hawk ravine, a mining camp near here, while following the business of book selling, five years ago, I found in an almanac a small leaf of a plant most interesting in appearance and which I recognized as belonging to the Saracenia [sic] order, but O, so different from anything ever seen before! All the latent botany of my being — repressed for a lifetime because there was not money in it — was aroused beyond control. I demanded its origin. No one could tell. I ran from house to house. No clew to the place of its growth. At last I bethought me of the children — those natural conservators of such facts — and beset the first group met. 'I know,' said little Mamie Austin, 'Uncle Rice brought it down from Butterfly.' ... (Lemmon 1876a, part II)." Darlingtonia californica (Cobra Lily or California Pitcher Plant) and the happenstance meeting with Mamie Austin led to J.G. Lemmon's introduction to Mamie's mother, Rebecca M. Austin, and his first botanical publication, "Darlingtonia californica; or California Pitcher Plant" (Lemmon 1871). The meeting was fortuitous, fruitful, and long-lasting — both John and Rebecca were students of the region's natural history and each benefited from the newfound friendship (Lemmon 1876a & 1878). According to Rebecca Austin: "He visited us every summer for several years on his collecting trips, and he and Mrs. Pulsifer Ames helped me greatly in my [botanical] work (Austin 1918)." Again, Lemmon's interest in plants was renewed soon after he settled in California, but only a few dozen of his pre-1872 collections are available via the iDigBio and SEINet databases. Interestingly, the Cobra Lily (Darlingtonia californica), which Lemmon credited with sparking his renewed interest in plant science, that he investigated with Rebecca Austin, and he published on in 1871, is conspicuously absent from his online herbarium prior to 1874! Serious plant collector - 1872. So, J.G. Lemmon's first season of serious plant collecting occurred in 1872 and that body of work took place exclusively in California. But as is true for many herbarium specimens of the 19th century, Lemmon's collection data, including locations, are often imprecise or lacking. That's particularly disappointing, because Lemmon, Eliphalet L. Case (a transplant from Ohio (Ancestry.com 2022b)), and a schoolboy known only as, Eugene, scaled Mt. Lassen in the spring of that year (Lemmon 1872b) and "... brought home a few plants only in a copy of Harper's Monthly, but among them were several new to California, one interesting Cyclademia [sic, see Cycladenia], collected but once before, and a very beautiful, sweet-scented Carydalis [sic], entirely new to science (Lemmon 1876a, p. 242)." In his lengthy summary of that field trip Lemmon (1872b) wrote that the afternoon prior to summiting Mt. Lassen they camped in King's Valley and "... gathered a few plants yet developed, including the sweet wild hyacinth (Erythronium), a narrow-leaved blazing star or California cow-slip (Dodecatheon), and the curious fumitory (Dicentra), and its more curious little relative, Dutchman's breeches (Corydalis) ..." . After spending time on Mt. Lassen's peak, he wrote - "We now commenced to collect souvenirs of the trip ... 4 species of Crucifers with several Ericas [Ericaceae] and Eriogonums. The schoolmaster came up munching a handful of sour sorrel (Bumex) and the boy, Eugene, presented for safe keeping what he called Beggars' Lice (Lithospermum [Boraginaceae] (Lemmon 1872b))." The team had started their ascent about 3:00 a.m. and were still approaching the summit at sunrise. They explored the peak until about 11:30 that morning and then decided it was time to hike back to their campsite. John and Eliphalet were adult men who certainly had enough common sense to be as careful on the descent and they had been on the ascent. Eugene, on the other hand, was just a boy and it's not entirely surprising that he chose to descend from the upper reaches of Lassen Peak in the fastest manner possible. He jumped off a ledge on the south side of the mountain, slid down a snow-covered precipice, and tumbled a half to three-quarters of a mile down the mountain in 30 seconds or so. The remarkable part is that Lemmon and Case followed suit! John "secured the sachel of flowers" around his neck and began his slide. Eliphalet "sought out a flat rock on which to ride" and chose the same path as Lemmon. Part of the way down the slope Case lost his sled and screamed, "In the bottom of my trunk you'll find my will!" Moments later they were "sore, torn and wet nearly all over, but convulsed now with laughter (Lemmon 1872b, 1876a)." And they certainly reached their base camp much sooner than anticipated! Only two J.G. Lemmon specimens, both Draba aureola, that have been databased so far might have been collected during that 1872 trip to Mt. Lassen. One of the sheets is at the Missouri Botanical Garden and was collected on "Lassen's Peak, in volcanic ashes" on June 10, 1872. The other specimen, housed in the California Academy of Sciences herbarium, was collected June 20, 1872 on the "summit of Lassen Peak". Some question as to the collection date is caused by J.G. Lemmon's own words. He wrote that the night before they summited Mt. Lassen they camped "... with Eugene's fire crackling at our feet, the huge old monster directly in view and gorgeously illuminated by the rays of the moon but two or three days past her full-orbed splendor ..." (Lemmon 1872b). So, according to Lemmon, they hiked to the summit of Mt. Lassen a couple of days after the full moon, but a full moon occurred June 21, 1872, which meshes with neither of the aforementioned collection dates. Regardless, the plant is a rare species, known only from three counties in northern California, three counties in Oregon, and two counties in Washington (USDA Plants database). On the summit of Mt. Lassen and perhaps while gazing to the northwest, Lemmon and Case resolved to visit Mt. Shasta in the autumn of 1873. But Case had one requirement for the Shasta trip. "When I agreed ... to go with you to Shasta next year, I should have stipulated that I won't cook. ... Neither of us need to cook. We'll get some ladies to accompany us." And so a plan was set in motion to visit Mt. Shasta in the company of two women (Lemmon 1873 a&b). Serious plant collector - 1873. Ladies in Sierra Valley were not abundant, but remarkably Lemmon and Case found two adventurous souls willing to join the field trip! The summer of 1873 arrived and they decided that rather than wait until fall to visit Mt. Shasta, they'd head south to "Lake Tahoe, the Big Trees and Yosemite." So, on June 20, 1873 " ... equipped with a pair of ponies, a covered wagon, a light cloth tent, a flower press, fishing tackle, blankets, provisions, cooking utensils, etc." they left on "... an excursion of about 500 miles, and occupying five weeks (Lemmon 1873 a&b)." They reached Tahoe City, set up camp, sailed the lake, botanized the area, joked, told stories, sang, and enjoyed "a hearty, well-prepared supper". All was well, until it wasn't. At the end of their second week at Lake Tahoe one of the women became ill. Much to everyone's chagrin, "... medicines and nurses, powders and careful diet ..." were all ineffective and the ladies were forced to return to Sierra Valley, while the men continued their journey (Lemmon 1873 a&b)." John and Eliphalet continued southward to Bear Valley, Calaveras, and ultimately reached the Tuolumne South Grove (about here). Lemmon reported on the dimensions, ages, and other aspects of the "Big Trees" that he and Case observed as they traveled through the mature giant Sequoia groves (Lemmon 1873b), but a surprising circumstance is the lack of voucher specimens for this junket. Lemmon specifically mentioned hackmatack groves [Pinus contorta subsp. murrayana according to Lemmon], sugar pines, Douglas firs, Cypripedium", and Sequoia, yet none of those taxa appear among the plants attributed to J.G. Lemmon for 1873 in the iDigBio and SEINet online databases! Serious plant collector - 1874. J.G. Lemmon was dedicated to plant collecting, but living on a shoestring. In March 1874 he wrote to Asa Gray and asked "... with deep humiliation that your university advance me a small sum to procure an outfit [equipment needed] this spring. I will pledge you the honor of a man that it is needed and that it would be expended only for the advancement of Science. The habits of both of myself and Prof. Case are very abstemious. Neither of us used intoxicating liquors of any kind ... Nor do we use tobacco or any other expensive luxury. We only wish the plainest fare and 'rough it' soldier like. I have not realized over $30.00 for 2½ years work and that by the kindness of Bolander (Lemmon 1874a)." Lemmon's 1874 collecting season was unexceptional in that his area of procurement was typically within easy reach of his home in Sierra County, perhaps because funding was in short supply. And, again, location data for his specimens for the year 1874 lack detail (see iDigBio and SEINet databases). On a more positive note, John was elected as a corresponding member of the California Academy of Sciences in that year (Lemmon 1874b, Yale 1874). The winter of 1874/75 was one of several that J.G. spent isolated at Webber Lake Hotel with only an occasional visitor. The facility was owned by his physician, Dr. David G. Webber, and Lemmon exchanged his services as winter caretaker for the opportunity to pour over his previous season's work, identify plants, and prepare sets of specimens for distribution (Beidleman 2006, Lemmon 1875d). As was typical for the time and because reference texts were in short supply, Lemmon not only communicated with people like Asa Gray and Sereno Watson at Harvard, but he sent many of his collections to them for identification/verification (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Hannan 1998, James 1910, Kibbe 1953). Lemmon (1875f) wrote that he'd sent over 800 species [specimens?] to Asa Gray during the previous two years. Serious plant collector - 1875. Nevada - Pyramid Lake. His first field trip of 1875 was a 2-week and 420-mile venture to the Pyramid Lake region of Nevada. About May 25th J.G. Lemmon, Eliphalet Case, and a horse-drawn wagon loaded with "bedding, food, and great bales of botanical paper", headed north and then east through Beckwourth's Pass into Long Valley, which marked the line between California and Nevada. They explored some of the western shore of Pyramid Lake and proceeded southward to the Truckee River in the vicinity of its terminus at the lake (somewhere near present-day Nixon). It seems they reversed course, botanized the length of Pyramid Lake's western shore in order to reach "the house of Dr. Wood, the only white inhabitant of the north shore, to re-organize, obtain supplies of food, and get directions and instructions where to find and how to prepare for Humboldt Desert (Lemmon 1876a&b)." They explored the Humboldt Sink, where Lemmon and Case endured "myriads of large black mosquitos that rise out of the low bushes, and without a note of warning attack the intruder as if they expected but one meal in all their lives." It was hot, it was buggy, and it was a truly miserable part of the expedition. "The only way we could botanize the plain next day was for me to arm one hand with a bush, and continually whip my face, with the other hand grasp blindly for flowers, while Prof. Case stood over me with a wisp of bushes in each hand, with which he lashed alternately my shoulders and his own. We thus secured a number of rare prizes, among them a fifth new Astragalus, which properly bears the name of Astragalus Casei, - Gray." So, after spending about 36 hours in the Humboldt mosquito breeding ground, Lemmon and Case retraced their steps back to the relatively more pleasant environment of Pyramid Lake (Lemmon 1875b, 1876a&b). After an aborted and perilous attempt to sail to the Paiute Tribe Agency at the south end of the lake for provisions, they opted to follow the lake's western shore over roads "so rough that I had to hold the wagon upright with a long guy rope, upon which I pulled with all my strength as I walked along the bluff above, to the agency 28 miles, where we obtained a square meal, rested a half day ..." at the Paiute Indian Reservation. They followed the Truckee River through Wadsworth, Reno, Verdi, and evidently then along the trail WNW through Dog Valley, Sardine Valley, and eventually arrived in Sierraville by June 8th (Lemmon 1875 a&b, 1876a&b). "With the trained assistance of my aged mother & skillful sister..." Lemmon prepared "8 large bales" of plants for Asa Gray (Lemmon 1875b). If he was consistent, Lemmon's bales were "5 inches thick" and "Harper's Weekly in size" (Lemmon 1875c). It's interesting that only about 40 Lemmon collections from Nevada may be found among those listed in the iDigBio and SEINet databases, yet in his June 8th letter to Asa Gray (Lemmon 1875b), J.G. Lemmon documented collection data (location, habit, habitat, etc.) for numbers 819 through 948 — three times as many as appear in the databases! Certainly each number does not represent a unique species, but what happened to the other specimens? Perhaps they have yet to be databased? Return to Lassen Peak. Lemmon's second field trip of 1875 was at least in part a repeat excursion to satisfy requests made by Asa Gray and George Vasey. Gray had requested more plant material from Lassen Peak and Vasey was interested in specimens of the Sierra Nevada flora to display at the upcoming Centennial International Exhibition to be held in Philadelphia during 1876 (Lemmon 1876a). This time Eliphalet Case had teaching obligations to fulfill and J.G. recruited a recently unemployed store clerk by the name of John Larson as a replacement. On June 18, 1875 the duo left Sierraville and passed through Sierra, Mohawk, American, Indian, and Big Meadow Valleys en route to Lassen Peak. Fortunately Larson proved to be a quick study, when it came to caring for the horses and preparing meals, as well as collecting and pressing plant specimens (Lemmon 1876a). Occasionally Larsen and J.G. met like-minded people as they passed through the countryside. In Quincy they enjoyed the company of Jonathon Thompson, a successful horse breeder and his wife, an accomplished gardener, at their Illinois Ranch. The botanists passed out of American Valley and rode through Indian Valley and Greenville. In Big Meadow Valley, about 8½ miles northwest of Prattville (in this vicinity), they met two young gents by the name of Oscar and Aurelius Martin. Oscar, a farmer and dairyman, and his younger brother, Aurelius, a schoolteacher, asked to join the Lemmon/Larson trek to Lassen Peak (Ancestry.com 2022a, Lemmon 1876a), thus the exploratory party doubled in size. The next day the group, now a quartet, entered Hot Spring Valley (likely along Hot Spring Creek (T35N, R5E) in this region). After observing the steam vents, mud pots, and other common hydrothermal features of the valley, they proceeded on to King's Valley. The group's camp in the valley was likely along King's Creek about here and from that starting point they intended to make for the Lassen's summit early the next day (Lemmon 1876a). With the goal of seeing the sunrise from the summit, Oscar Martin and Larsen chose to ascend the steeper south slope, while Aurelius Martin hiked the longer, but more gradual, western slope with Lemmon. They passed the tree line, but the sun caught up with them en route, and everyone reached the top, albeit Lemmon and Aurelius arrived about 30 minutes after the others. Lemmon described the spectacular scenery at the summit and mentioned adding specimens of "Eriogonum, Penstemon, Hulsea, Draba, Gilia" from the alpine region to his plant press (Lemmon 1876a). Unfortunately, either because J.G. Lemmon kept dismal records or because collection dates have not been parsed out completely, it's hard to tell which of the 575-ish Lemmon specimens documented in online databases were collected during the June 1875 field trip. Back to the "Big Trees" and collections for George Vasey. Lemmon's third field trip of 1875 duplicated another previous venture. After visiting the "Big Trees" near Yosemite in 1873, Lemmon wrote about what he had seen, including dimensions of the "Mother of the Forest", "Hercules", and other ancient giants. He wrote the "Father of the Forest ... is estimated to have been 40 feet in diameter ... 120 feet in circumference, 450 feet high." Asa Gray contacted J.G. and wrote "in your graphic description of the Big Trees, like California writers in general, you fall into a great error." He gently challenged the Civil War vet's tree age remarks and asked, "Did you count the rings?" Lemmon had to admit that he had not and September 1, 1875 he arrived in Calaveras County's Sequoia Grove (Lemmon 1876b) to determine whether or not he had erred during his previous trip. Using pencil, paper, and measuring tape, J.G. found that the Big Trees were between 1200 and 1500 years old, not 3000 to 5000. The Sequoias' diameters varied between 14 and 22 feet, not 40 and they grew to be 200-300 feet tall, not 450. So, after a 400-mile round-trip excursion, Lemmon rectified his errors and reported his corrected findings (Lemmon 1876b). Periodically throughout 1875 Lemmon had ups and downs. He frequently suffered from bouts of exhaustion and other maladies that were undoubtedly linked to his Civil War experiences. "Home again, tired and nearly blind. The 'Big Tree' trip was terrible! but not devoid of rich results. ... My mother, whom I fortunately took along as far as Carson, had to drive me home (Lemmon 1875e)." His efforts to "collect all the trees and shrubs of the Sierras" for George Vasey and the U.S. National Herbarium was a botanical success, but an economic disappointment (Lemmon 1875e). For display at the Centennial International Exhibition in Philadelphia, Lemmon shipped to Vasey cones, fruits, twigs, and partial cross sections of trunks (some up to 30 feet in circumference), which in total weighed over a ton. He also sent 500 boxes that included herbarium specimens. Total cost to Lemmon, $2000, total compensation from Dr. Vasey, $400 (Lemmon 1876b). On a more positive note, J.G. experienced, "An item of great moment to me!" While Lemmon was off collecting, his brother, William, built "a large 40 by 20 house nicely finished off with four rooms affording abundance of room for my present collection ... (Lemmon 1875e)." Courtesy of his brother, Lemmon now had his own herbarium. 1876 and a fortuitous introduction. Sara Allen Plummer taught physical education in New York City, offered private art classes, and volunteered at Bellevue Hospital to provide care to Civil War veterans. But she couldn't seem to stay healthy in New York — Sara was plagued with bouts of colds, sinus infections, and bronchitis. Recurring respiratory problems made a permanent home in New York City untenable and she decided to move to California for what she hoped would be more healthful conditions. Shortly before Christmas in 1869 she sailed from New York to Panama aboard the steamship Alaska, crossed the isthmus, and then sailed north to "The Golden State". So, at the tail end of 1869 Sara Allen Plummer arrived in San Francisco. But the cool, damp December climate in San Francisco proved to be tough on her health, so once again Sara collected her belongings and moved farther south to what she hoped would be a more healthful environment in Santa Barbara (Brown 2019 & 2021, Plummer-Lemmon 1910). When Sara arrived (early 1870), Santa Barbara was home to only about 2970 souls and she soon longed for the social, cultural, intellectual, and commercial niceties she had enjoyed in New York City, plus she needed to make a living. To improve her situation she first opened a stationery/art supplies store and then incorporated a public library in her business. With time, Sara Plummer's shop, became a gathering place that offered art exhibits, lectures, and readings (Blakemore 2015, Brown 2019 & 2021, Plummer-Lemmon 1910, Weiss 2014). Her library was even mentioned (though not by name) as a selling point to coax vacationers and potential settlers to visit Santa Barbara (Nordhoff 1873). However, most importantly, Ms. Plummer became fascinated with the plants of the region. Fast-forward to late February and early March 1876. John G. Lemmon found himself on the California coast awaiting a steamer to carry him to a meeting with botanist Charles C. Parry, who was staying in San Diego. Lemmon was in Santa Barbara to meet with people at the behest of Santa Barbara College and the Santa Barbara Botanical Club. It was at that time that John met the botanical club's secretary and fellow botany devotee, Sara Allen Plummer (Lemmon 1876c). John described Sara as an "... excellent lady and most enthusiastic lover of nature ..." (Lemmon 1876d) and Sara, in turn, was pleased to have met Lemmon: "There was a great botanist from the Sierras here for a few days. Dr. Asa Gray of Harvard is a warm friend of his — you cannot image such an enthusiast as J.G. Lemmon is. He was at my rooms many times, and we are very good friends, for botany (Plummer 1876)." After completing his field work with Dr. Parry, John returned to Santa Barbara and received a parcel of plants from Sara that she had collected in the vicinity of Santa Barbara during his absence. Lemmon forwarded them to Asa Gray for identification and asked "... that if anything new turns up from this region, of my collection, you will name [it] for this active, useful, devoted, self-sacrificing and most estimable little lady ... (Lemmon 1876d)". Among the plants was a shrub Gray determined to be new to science and named it Baccharis plummerae (Gray 1880). Sara and John continued to enjoy each other's company, they corresponded extensively, and their fondness for each other grew — so much so that in a December 1877 letter Lemmon asked Miss Plummer to be his wife. Though she cared for him deeply, she spurned his proposal, writing: "... It is most conclusive to my common sense that two unhealthy persons should not come together (Plummer 1877)." In late 1877 John relocated from Sierraville to Alameda and the following summer he moved a bit farther north to Oakland. So, over the next few years, Sara visited relatives and J.G. in the San Francisco area, they (Sara and J.G.) continued their correspondence, and botanized together when possible. In 1880 the uncertainties and difficulties of their long-distance and long-term relationship had run their course and after a four-year courtship (Thanksgiving Day 1880), Sara Plummer (age 44) and J.G. Lemmon (age 48) were married (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Brown 2021). Their out-of-the-ordinary courtship was followed by an equally unique wedding trip. Sand, sun, snakes, and lizards: "A botanical wedding-trip". The words of J.G. Lemmon (1881a) in "A botanical wedding-trip" best describe the newlyweds' decision to dispense with a traditional honeymoon in favor of a less conventional plant-prospecting foray into southern Arizona's Sonoran Desert during March and April of 1881. "My wife, being enthusiastic and as devoted to botany as I, was the first to propose that, instead of the usual stupid and expensive visit to a watering-place, idling our time in useless saunterings, and listening to silly gossip, we should wait a few weeks, devoting the time to study; then, at the right time, make a grand botanical raid into Arizona, and try to touch the heart of Santa Catalina."
Lemmon described their honeymoon suite ("... a stick-and-mud cabin ..."), the availability of water (... nearly three-fourths of a mile [away] ..."), the broiling sun ("... the sun rose higher and beat down hotter ..."), searing sand, unforgiving blisters, ill-tempered fauna (rattlesnakes, a Gila Monster, & a mountain lion), and the prickly flora ("... imbedded cactus spines throbbing and burning like hot needles ..."). All of which were things the two botanists experienced as they prospected for plants and searched for a trail to the top of the Santa Catalina Mountains. From the end of March through the close of April, John and Sara successfully botanized the Catalinas' southern section and unsuccessfully searched for a path to their summit. Ultimately, each trail they chose was blocked by either an unbridgeable chasm or an unscalable precipice and their quest for the top was thwarted. Since access to the peak was blocked from the Tucson side, John and Sara followed the suggestion of local citizens and took a stagecoach ride about 30 miles north to the Oracle Mining Camp (now Oracle, Arizona). They botanized that area and eventually found their way upslope to the ranch of Emerson O. Stratton. Stratton admitted he'd never been to the summit, but thought he could guide the Lemmons to the peak. So, after a bit of preparation, the trio mounted up and led pack animals toward the top. All-in-all they spent two (maybe three) days, met a few miners, collected a few new plants, and arrived at the top of the mountain they designated Mount Lemmon to honor Sara Plummer Lemmon (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Brown 2021, Crosswhite 1979, Lemmon 1881a). Sara and John Lemmon botanize the West. As shown above, J.G. Lemmon's narrative laid out the challenges of 19th century exploration in Arizona. In another publication (Lemmon 1881b) John again depicted the challenges they encountered "... to climb the rugged steeps, contending all the way against the thorns of mesquite [Prosopis sp.], the bayonets of yucca [Yucca sp.] and the fiendish needles of cacti [Cylindropuntia sp., Mammallaria sp., Echinocereus sp.] ... (Lemmon 1881b)." Few other authors recognized (at least in print) the difficulties they endured, but John Coulter (1882) paid tribute to the efforts of Sara and John Lemmon in Arizona by writing: "... amidst the comforts of our herbaria, we revel in the riches their carefully prepared bundles bring to us, we must not forget what they have cost, for nowhere in this country is botanizing accompanied by such discomfort and actual suffering." During their escapades, Sara and John had to be aware of potential risks presented by more than the flora and fauna — there was the local citizenry to consider. "In the 1880s the Apaches were on the warpath. No white man in the vast network of mountains and high plains of Arizona and New Mexico was safe. Even the lowland cities like Phoenix and Tucson were under military protection." "Two botanists, Mr. and Mrs. J. G. Lemmon of Berkeley, California, wished to collect plants in the Huachuca Mountains in the heart of the Apache country. They rode southeastward from Tucson a day's journey, expecting to spend the night at the ranch of some friends, but the house had been burned and the settlers scalped. And so the Lemmons camped overnight, and the next day they went on toward the Huachuca Mountains, planning to spend the night with friends at a ranch farther on. But these friends had been scalped. And so the Lemmons camped again, and the next day they went on toward the Huachuca Mountains." "Soon they met a small band of Apaches in war paint. The Lemmons were stopped and searched, the plant presses were opened and the specimens examined. Finally the chief came up with the main band of Apaches. He inspected the plant presses gravely, then tapped his forehead. And so the Lemmons went on to the Huachuca Mountains (Benson 1959)."
John and Sara visited Arizona a second time in August 1881, only to find that uprisings by various members of the Apache Nation were all too common. So in the name of safety, the Lemmons were initially forced to make Fort Bowie their headquarters. In the latter part of September the risks had diminished, so the botanists left the fort and made their way to Rucker Canyon in the southern section of the Chiricahua Mountains. There they met Dr. Robert Monroe, the "Hermit of the Chiricahuas", and lodged in one of his cabins. While botanizing the area, word came to them that a band of Apaches were headed in their direction and that they were on their own, when it came to defense. For eleven days the Lemmons and the Hermit were forced to take refuge in a long tunnel Monroe had excavated through the ridge behind his cabin for just such defensive purposes. After spending a week and a half in hiding, the cavalry from Fort Bowie arrived and escorted John, Sara, and their collections back to the fort (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Brown 2021, Rak 1945). One of the plants they collected that October from the "peaks around Rucker Val. Chirricahua Mts. Ariz. [sic]" was Stevia plummerae named by Asa Gray (1882) for Sara Plummer Lemmon. In 1882 their focus was once again on the flora of southern Arizona in the vicinity of the Huachuca Mountains, by way of Fort Mohave and Tombstone. Their time in Tombstone, a peaceful visit that included mine tours and a stay at the Grand Hotel, was sandwiched between the murder of Morgan Earp (Tombstone Weekly Epitaph 1882) and the fire of May 25th that destroyed much of the town. Ultimately they prospected for plants in many locations southeast of Tombstone in and around the Huachuca Mountains such as: Tanner Canyon (now called Garden Canyon), Ramsey Canyon, and Sonoita (Brown 2021, iDigBio database, SEINet database). Eighteen eighty-three was not an active collecting year for the pair, but in 1884 they again completed a great deal of field work in Arizona. This time they concentrated on the northern regions of the state near the Grand Canyon. They botanized the Calico mining camp, Fort Mohave along the Colorado River, Mineral Park, Peach Springs (Where "Jem Smith was shot full of holes" the night they arrived (Lemmon 1888)", Agassiz Peak near Flagstaff, the Grand Canyon, and east to Albuquerque (Brown 2021, Lemmon 1888, iDigBio database, SEINet database). During the latter part of 1884 and into 1885, John and Sara were heavily involved the planning and creation of California's exhibit highlighting the state's plants and prominent features at the World's Fair in New Orleans (Fairall 1885). Sara was praised as: "One of the more thoroughly cultured and unassuming ladies connected with the Woman's Department of the Exposition ..." The newspaper applauded her watercolor paintings of wildflowers and stated: "She is a woman most worthy to represent the noble State she comes from (Nicholson & Co. 1885)". As California Commissioner of the Woman's Department, Sara indeed scrambled to develop exhibits for the world's fair and she received compensation for her efforts ... nearly four years later (Agnew & Agnew 2020, Brown 2021, Lemmon 1889). After completing their efforts in New Orleans, the Lemmons returned to Oakland, but going forward they did not involve themselves in as much field botany as they had in the past (iDigBio database, SEINet database). Both of them were in their 50s and even though they'd oft times weathered grueling field work schedules, the hard work took its toll and ill health was a frequent visitor. Going forward, a smattering of field work was interspersed among other activities — some botanical, some not. A brief summary of the rest of the story. The Lemmons enjoyed the thrill of discovery, the magnificence of natural history, the satisfaction of community involvement (see Conners 1908, Kohrs 2015, & Lemmon et al. 1902, Mabie 1899), and the company of each other, but they had two constant struggles: money and health. As botanist or bookseller, prior to his marriage to Sara, J.G. Lemmon was never awash in wealth. After their wedding, the couple was at times financially comfortable — John held the position of state botanist for the California State Board of Forestry from 1888 through 1892 with a monthly stipend of about $150 (about $5000/month today). At other times they struggled mightily and met their financial obligations by raising chickens and selling eggs (Agnew & Agnew 2020). They sold volumes authored by one or both of them like "Oaks of Pacific Slope" (25¢), "Hand-book of West American Cone-bearers" ($1.00 each), "How to tell the trees" and "Elements of Forestry with suggestions" (50¢ each). In 1894 Sara was hired to complete five plant illustrations for the California Board of Education's "New Third Reader", a task for which she earned $50.00 (Brown 2021, George & Murphy 1895). And, of course, they realized a modest income through sales of sets of herbarium specimens (Lemmon 1880). They never amassed riches, but they got by. As was mentioned above, neither John nor Sara was consistently blessed with great fitness and well-being. It seems ironic that two people who survived so many physical challenges, while cataloging the botanical world, could also be besieged by so many ailments. Their correspondence and items written by others about them frequently mention all manner of medical maladies that befell them like influenza, exhaustion, numerous respiratory issues, and general bouts of illness. And that's excluding all of the frightful conditions and diseases John endured during the Civil War.
A few loose ends.
Two angiosperms (Haplopappus cuneatus
(= Ericameria cuneata var. cuneata)and
Gilia parryae (= Linanthus parryae))
collected by J.G. Lemmon in California during the 1870s are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. As has been mentioned previously, additional
preserved specimens collected by the Lemmons (primarily from Arizona and California) may be viewed using the
iDigBio and/or the
SEINet databases.
In the history of North American botany 135 plant taxa (species, subspecies, & varieties) have been given
the epithet "lemmonii" to commemorate the plant
prospecting completed by J.G. Lemmon. Over time the epithets of another 30 plant taxa have been designated
"plummerae" to, as Asa Gray put it,
honor "Miss S.A. Plummer, an ardent botanist, whose name it is a pleasure to commemorate (Gray 1880)." It's worth mentioning that one of those 30
is a fern, Woodsia plummerae, described by John G. Lemmon (1882) and: "Dedicated to Mrs. Lemmon, whose maiden name is Sara A. Plummer and whose
devotion to science, arduous labors and daring heroism while botanizing in the land of the Apache, entitles her to high honors and this timely
recognition." Some of the taxa referenced in this paragraph have been subsumed into others as synonyms, but they remain a testimony to the
respect that Sara and John Lemmon earned and deserved from their fellow botanists.
Admission of omissions.
The preceding paragraphs present a woefully inadequate summary of the lives and accomplishments of John and Sara Lemmon, but then it wasn't meant to be
all-encompassing. Interested readers are encouraged to browse Beidleman (2006), Crosswhite (1979), DeYoung (1894) and the other texts listed below for
a more complete understanding of the Lemmons' contributions. In particular,
"John Gill Lemmon - Andersonville survivor and California botanist"
by Brad and Kelly Agnew and
"The Forgotten Botanist" by Wynne Brown are detailed and
illuminating accounts of the lives of J.G. and Sara Lemmon.
..........
Agnew, Brad. 2013a.
Private John G Lemmon - 1. Video. YouTube.
Agnew, Brad. 2013b.
Private John G Lemmon - 2. Video. YouTube.
Agnew, Brad & Kelly Agnew. 2020.
John Gill Lemmon - Andersonville survivor and California botanist. Publ. in United States. 548 pp.
Ancestry.com. 2022a.
Aurelius Martin. 1880 Federal Census. Seneca Township. Plumas County, California.
Ancestry.com. 2022b.
Eliphalet Lewis Case. Coffing/Lewis Family Tree. Ancestry.com. Provo, Utah.
Austin, Rebecca M. 1918.
Reminiscences. transcribed by Frank Morton Jones. Harvard Forest. Petersham, Massachusetts.
Beidleman, R.G. 2006.
California's Frontier Naturalists. University of California Press. Berkeley, California. 484 pp.
Benson, Lyman. 1959.
Plant Classification. Heath and Company. Lexington, MA. p. 1 of 688 pp.
Blakemore, Erin. 2015.
Sara Plummer Lemmon: Pioneering Botanist. JSTOR Daily. March 11, 2015.
Bradford, Madeline. 2022.
Ask an Archivist. Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Brown, Wynn. 2019.
Botanist, artist, nurse, and teacher: Sara Plummer Lemmon’s western legacies. Women you should know.
Brown, Wynn. 2021.
The Forgotten Botanist. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. 308 pp.
Conners, John F. (ed.) 1908.
John G. Lemmon dies suddenly. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. p. 2. column 4. November 25, 1908.
Copeland, Herbert F. 1939.
A portrait of John Gill Lemmon. Madroño 5:77.
Coulter, John M. (ed.) 1882.
The Botanist in Arizona. Bot. Gazette 7:8-9.
countedx58. 2007.
John Gill Lemmon. Find a grave. Provo, Utah.
Crosswhite, Frank S. 1979.
J.G. Lemmon & Wife, plant explorers in Arizona, California, and Nevada. Desert Plants 1:12-21.
DeYoung, M.H. (proprietor) 1894.
Botany their hobby. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California. p. 9. columns 6&7 . April 22, 1894.
Fairall, Herbert S. 1885.
The World's Industrial and Cotton Exposition - New Orleans. Republican Publ. Co. Iowa City, Iowa. pp. 57, 260, 362, & 422 of 430.
Farris & Smith. 1882.
Illustrated history of Plumas, Lassen & Sierra counties, with California from 1513 to 1850.
Farris & Smith. San Francisco, California. pp. 259, 262-263, 273 of 507.
George, Mary W. & Anna C. Murphy. 1895.
New Third Reader. State Printing Office. Sacramento, California. pp.
158,
159,
162,
167, &
170 of 174.
Gray, Asa. 1880.
Botanical contributions. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 15:48.
Gray, Asa. 1882.
Novitiae Arizonicae, etc.: Characters of the new plants of certain recent collections mainly in Arizona and adjacent districts, &c..
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17:199–230. (see pp. 204-205)
Greene, C. 1872.
Indian Valley correspondence. The Plumas National. Quincy, California. p. 3. column 3. April 27, 1872.
Guinn, J.M. 1907.
History of the state of California and biographical record to Oakland and environs, also containing biographies of well-known citizens of the past and present.
Volume 2. pp. 834-835. Historical Record Company. Los Angeles, California.
Hannan, Caryn. 1998.
Michigan Biographical Dictionary. Volume 1. pp. 64-65. Somerset Publishers. St. Claire Shores, Michigan.
James, Wharton George. 1910.
Heroes of California : the story of the founders of the Golden state as narrated by themselves or gleaned from other sources.
Little, Brown, and Co. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 322-337 of 515.
Jimenez, Corri. 2019.
The 19th century Lemmons. The Sierran. 47(3):1 & 3.
Kibbe, Alice L. 1953.
Afield with plant lovers and collectors. Carthage College. Carthage, Illinois. pp. 273-300 of 565.
Kohrs, Donald. 2015.
Chautauqua: The Nature Study Movement in Pacific Grove, California. Harold A. Miller Library.
Hopkins Marine Station. Stanford University. Pacific Grove, California. 297 pp.
Lemmon, J.G. 1866.
Civil War memoirs of John G. Lemmon. Huntington Library. San Marino, California.
Lemmon, J.G. 1867.
Devotion to duty. Marysville Daily Appeal. Marysville, California. p. 1. columns 5&6. October 30, 1867.
Lemmon, J.G. 1868a.
Army recollections. Marysville Daily Appeal. Marysville, California. p. 1. columns 5-7. January 8, 1868.
Lemmon, J.G. 1868b.
Army recollections. Marysville Daily Appeal. Marysville, California. p. 1. columns 6-7. January 22, 1868.
Lemmon, J.G. 1871.
Darlingtonia californica; or California Pitcher Plant. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California. 2(16):249. October 21, 1871.
Lemmon, J.G. 1872a.
Inharmonic Geography; or Peculiarities of the Pacific States. The Plumas National. Quincy, California. pp. 1 & 4. May 18, 1872.
Lemmon, J.G. 1872b.
A trip to Lassen's Peak. The Plumas National. Quincy, California. pp. 1 & 3. August 24, 1872.
Lemmon, J.G. 1873a.
Scenes in the high Sierras: No. I - Lake Tahoe. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California. p. 282. columns 1 & 2. November 1, 1873.
Lemmon, J.G. 1873b.
Scenes in the high Sierras: No. II - The big trees. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California. p. 310. columns 1 - 3. November 15, 1873.
Lemmon, J.G. 1874a.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. March 11, 1874.
Lemmon, J.G. 1874b.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. July 19, 1874.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875a.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. May 25, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875b.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. June 8, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875c.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. July 5, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875d.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. August 3, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875e.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. September 20, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1875f.
Sierra Valley and some of its new flowers. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California. p. 83. columns 1 & 2. February 6, 1875.
Lemmon, J.G. 1876a.
Botanical excursions. Mining and Scientific Press. April 29, 1876. Vol. 32. No. 18.
No. 1. Pyramid Lake and Humboldt Desert.
pp. 162 &
226.
No. 2. The Northern Valley and Lassen's Peak.
Part 1st: Sierra Valley to American Valley.
p. 242
Part II: Butterfly Valley and the Darlingtonia
p. 274.
Part III: Indian Valley and its People.
p. 322.
Part IV: Big Meadows and Lassen's Peak.
p. 354.
Lemmon, J.G. 1876b.
Botanical excursions - No. 3 - The Big Trees Revisited - Criticisms and Consequences. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California.
July 8, 1876. p. 26.
Lemmon, J.G. 1876c.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. March 4, 1876.
Lemmon, J.G. 1876d.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. June 18, 1876.
Lemmon, J.G. 1878.
A murderous plant: Darlingtonia californica. Pacific Rural Press. San Francisco, California. pp. 178-179. March 23, 1878.
Lemmon, J.G. 1880.
John Gill letter to Asa Gray. August 17, 1880.
Lemmon, J.G. 1881a.
A botanical wedding-trip. The Californian. 4(24):517-525.
Lemmon, J.G. 1881b.
Botanizing in Arizona. Mining and Scientific Press. 42(25):397. June 18, 1881.
Lemmon, J.G. 1882.
Woodsia plummerae sp.n. Botanical Gazette 7(1):6-7.
Lemmon, J.G. 1885.
Amila Hudson Lemmon: in memoriam. Oakland, California. 22 pp.
Lemmon, J.G. 1888.
The Grand Canyon of the Colorado. Overland Monthly. 12:244-256.
Lemmon, J.G. 1900.
Handbook of West-American Cone-Bearers. Oakland, California. 116 pp.
Lemmon, J.G. 1902.
Oaks of Pacific Slope. Oakland, California. 19 pp.
Lemmon, J.G. 1908.
Notes by a pioneer botanist - I. Muhlenbergia. 4(2): 17-21.
Lemmon, Mrs. J.G., S.A. O'Neill, G.S. Abbott, L.L. Dunbar, F.H. Gray, & J.G. Lemmon. (eds.) 1902.
A Record of the Red Cross work on the Pacific Slope. Pacific Press Publishing Co. Oakland, California. 458 pp.
Lemmon, Mrs. J.G. 1889.
Mrs. Lemmon vindicated. San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California. p. 8. column 2. March 21, 1889.
Lemmon, Mrs. J.G. 1902.
Elements of forestry with suggestions. Oakland, California. pp. 61-67.
Lemmon, J.G. & Mrs. Lemmon. 1902.
How to tell the trees. Oakland, California. 67 pp.
Mabie, Adelaide. 1899.
Training school for nurses in the State of California. San Francisco, California. p. 49 of 86.
Nicholson & Co. (proprietors). 1885.
Woman's world and work. Times-Picayune. New Orleans, Louisiana. p. 3. column 2. February 8, 1885.
Nordhoff, Charles. 1873.
California: for health, pleasure, and residence. A book for travellers and settlers. Harper & Brothers. New York City, New York. p. 116 of 251.
Plummer, Sara Allen. 1876.
Letter to her sister Mattie. in Brown, Wynn. 2021.
The Forgotten Botanist. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 61 of 308 pp.
Plummer, Sara Allen. 1877.
Letter to J.G. Lemmon. in Brown, Wynn. 2021.
The Forgotten Botanist. University of Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 72 of 308 pp.
Plummer-Lemmon, Sara A. 1910.
Santa Barbara's first library efforts and other historical sketches. Santa Barbara Weekly Press. Santa Barbara, California.
p. 3. columns 1-4. March 10, 1910.
Rak, Mary Kidder. 1945.
The Hermit of the Chiricahuas. Arizona Quarterly. 1(2):38-42.
Shearman, Francis W. 1853.
Teacher's institute of 1852: catalogue of teachers. Annual report of the superintendent of public instruction. Geo. W. Peck, printer. Lansing, Michigan. p. 115 of 215.
Tombstone Weekly Epitaph. 1882.
The deadly bullet. Epitaph Printing and Publishing Co. Tombstone. Arizona Territory. p. 3. column 7. March 27, 1882.
University and Jepson Herbaria Archives. 2010.
John and Sara (Plummer) Lemmon papers, 1863-1911. University of California. Berkeley.
Ward, William E. (ed.) 1871a.
Valuable books. The Plumas National. Quincy, California. p. 3. column 3. May 13, 1871.
Lesquereux, Charles Leo (1806 - 1889)
Born in Fleurier, Switzerland in November of 1806 to Aimé and Marie Anne Lesquereux, Leo Lesquereux showed an interest in natural history, even as a boy. He was well known for hiking and enjoying the many things Mother Nature had to offer on the Swiss slopes near his home. On one wildflower collecting foray, Leo's foot placement on the crest of a mountain ridge was bad, he tumbled off a rock ledge, bounced several hundred feet down a cliff face, and was discovered dangling among tree branches by workmen who had witnessed his fall. Though the ten-year-old appeared to be dead, Leo proved to be "merely" unconscious and badly battered. The boy recovered fully, but only after many weeks of recuperation (American Philosophical Society 2003, Kimberling 2005, Leslie 1890). Even though the young Lesquereux displayed a fondness for science, his parents had other ideas regarding his education. Lesquereux's father, Aimé, wanted Leo to follow in his footsteps as a watchmaker. On the other hand, Leo's mother, Marie Anne, was more academically inclined, was better read, and she wanted him to become a well-educated minister. Mom won out, to an extent, and his education began under the private tutelage of nearby preachers. At age 13 his schooling continued at the Academy of Neuchâtel about 20 miles from his birthplace (Leslie 1895, McCabe 1887, Smith 1909). While there Leo became a close friend of Auguste Agassiz (eventual founder of Longines watches and brother of Louis Agassiz) and geographer Arnold Guyot (first professor of geology and geography at Princeton University). Though his friends were successful students, Leo struggled and eventually was forced to abbreviate his education due to family financial difficulties (American Philosophical Society 2003). Lesquereux, with the help of a friend, was able to land a position teaching French in well-off households in Eisenach, Saxony (part of present day Germany). From there he accepted a position teaching natural history at the college at La Chaux-de-Fonds in the Jura Mountains near Neuchâtel, hoping to earn enough money to be able to wed Sophia von Wolffskeel, a member of the Prussian elite. By the middle of 1830 the nest egg Leo had amassed was large enough to allow the couple to be married and they made a home in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Leo taught at the town's college and brought in a few extra shekels as a private tutor, but with his mediocre income and the arrival of two children, the family's existence became a struggle. Two years after their marriage, Leo suffered a severe ear infection, which was poorly treated and left him nearly deaf. He was forced to abandon his teaching career and join his father's business in Fleurier (now Val-de-Travers), first as an apprentice and eventually as a journeyman watch engraver and watch spring maker (American Philosophical Society 2003, Barnes 1890, Howe 1907, Leslie 1890 & 1895). The forced career change did nothing to dampen Leo's interest in natural history, in fact he regularly took botanical forays from Fleurier to Le Chasseron to collect plants and study the flora at the summit. About 1838, though neither particularly well-off financially, nor able to hear well, but armed with a keen interest and a cheap microscope, Leo Lesquereux (now a deaf, lip reading, watchmaker) became interested in the study of mosses, paleobotany, and peat. He joined the Society of Natural History of Neuchâtel, recently formed by Louis Agassiz, and became interested in the study of the local Sphagnum bogs that were common in many valleys of the Jura Range. Peat was a prized commodity for people who used it as a reliable fuel, but acceptance was not shared by all residents of the area. Some thought peat bogs should be eliminated to expand farming. A lack of understanding provided a conduit for claims that the bogs were breeding grounds for diseases like typhoid fever and the source of killing frosts in the spring that sometimes devastated high-elevation agricultural plots (Leslie 1895). For those reasons, studies of peat and peat-bogs were of particular importance at the time (Leslie 1890 & 1895) and the Neuchâtel government offered a prize for the best investigation of the formation of peat. Lesquereux intensified his studies through reference texts and field work. Leo took core samples and made observations of the structure and temperatures of peat formations at varying depths. Lesquereux monitored atmospheric temperatures, adsorption rates, and microclimatic conditions. Christened "the fool of the peat-bogs" by some community members, Leo nonetheless submitted his findings to the evaluation committee and "Quelques Recherches sur les Marais Tourbeux en General" (Lesquereux 1844) was successful in winning the gold medal for exceptional work (Lesley 1890 & 1895, McCabe 1887, Smith 1909). Lesquereux gained great notoriety and his fortunes improved temporarily, when the Prussian government paid him to expand his investigations and to author a textbook explaining the results of his work, including recommendations for future uses/management of existing peat bogs (Leslie 1895). His improved resources lasted for a few years, but by 1848 his funding was exhausted, the watchmaking business was insufficient to support his family, socio-economic upheaval was underway in Europe, and the Lesquereux family decided to leave the Old World for the New (Howe 1907, Leslie 1895, McCabe 1887, Smith 1909, Stuckey & Roberts 1991). Apparently, Leo anticipated finding a position in Boston, where his friend Louis Agassiz was a professor at Harvard University, however, once in Cambridge, Lesquereux was only able to secure a short-time position working for Asa Gray in the university's herbarium. While in Massachusetts, Lesquereux contributed to the botanical sections (primarily the mosses) of Agassiz's publication about Lake Superior (Agassiz 1850). Then in the last week of December 1848, he was offered a field assistant/laboratory associate position with bryologist William S. Sullivant and the family moved to their permanent home in Columbus, Ohio (Barnes 1890, Leslie 1895, Smith 1909, Stuckey & Roberts 1991). His arrival in Columbus marked the beginning of the establishment of Leo Lesquereux as a preeminent contributor to bryology and paleontology (paleobotany in particular). In late 1849, at the behest of Sullivant, Lesquereux began a plant collecting tour of the mountainous regions of the nearby southern states. Though he collected a wide variety of plants, he was particularly interested in the mosses he encountered, leading to the publication of "Musci Americani Exsiccati" (Sullivant & Lesquereux 1856). The breadth of work Leo completed with Sullivant (Sullivant & Lesquereux 1856 & 1865), on the coal flora of Pennsylvania (Lesquereux 1880), the fossil flora of some of the western states (e.g. Lesquereux 1874 & 1878), and the mosses of North America (e.g. Lesquereux & James 1884) is demonstrated by the list of Lesquereux publications provided at the end of Smith's (1909) paper, the Biodiversity Heritage Library (2016), Ockerbloom (2016), and Google Scholar. Four specimens (Phascum crassinervium Schp. (= Ephemerum crassinervium Hampe), Salix cutleri Tuck. (= Salix uva-ursi Pursh), Carex oligocarpa Schk. (= Carex digitalis Willd.), Lycopodium selago L. (= Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank & Mart.)) collected by Lesquereux from eastern North America in the 1800s are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. About 1500 specimens that are attributed to Leo Lesquereux may be scanned via the iDigBio database. The assemblage includes a few animals, a handful of fungi, and a smattering of flowering plants, but bryophytes make up the vast majority of the collection. .......... Agassiz, Louis. 1850. Lake Superior: it's physical character, vegetation, and animals. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln. Boston, Massachusetts. pp. 139 & 154 of 428. American Philosophical Society. 2003. Leo Lesquereux autobiography. American Philosophical Society. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Barnes, Charles R. 1890. Leo Lesquereux. Bot. Gazette 15:16-19. Biodiversity Heritage Library. 2016. Lesquereux, Leo, 1806-1889. Howe, Henry. 1907. Historical collections of Ohio: An encyclopedia of the State. Vol. 1. C.J. Krehbiel & Co. Cincinnati, Ohio. pp. 656-657 of 992. Kimberling, Clark. 2005. Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889). New Harmony Scientists, Educators, Writers & Artists. University of Evansville. Evansville, Indiana. Lesley, J.P. 1890. Obituary Notice of Leo Lesquereux. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 28:65-70. Lesley, J.P. 1895. Biographical memoir of Leo Lesquereux (1806-1889). Biographical Memoirs. Nat. Acad. Sci. 3:187-212. Lesquereux, Leo. 1844. Quelques Recherches sur les Marais Tourbeux en General. Imprimerie de Henri Wolfrath. Neuchatel, Swisse. Lesquereux, Leo. 1874. Contributions to the fossil flora of the western territories. Part I - the cretaceous flora. U.S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Washington, D.C. 136 pp. Lesquereux, Leo. 1878. Contributions to the fossil flora of the western territories. Part II - the tertiary flora. U.S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Washington, D.C. 366 pp. Lesquereux, Leo. 1880. Description of the coal flora of the carboniferous formation in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. Second geological survey of Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Lesquereux, Leo and James, Thomas P. 1884. Mosses of North America. S.E. Cassino and Company. Boston, Massachusetts. 442 pp. McCabe, L.R. 1887. Sketch of Leo Lesquereux. Pop. Sci. Monthly 30:835-840. Ockerbloom, John Mark (ed.). 2016. Online Books by Leo Lesquereux (Lesquereux, Leo, 1806-1889). The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Smith, Annie Morrill. 1909. Leo Lesquereux 1806-1889. The Bryologist. 12:75-78. Stuckey, Ronald L. & Marvin L. Roberts. 1991. Frontier Botanist: William Starling Sullivant's Flowering-plant botany of Ohio (1830-1850). SIDA: Botanical miscellany No. 6. p. 46 of 66. Sullivant, W.S. & L. Lesquereux. 1856. Musci Americani Exsiccati. Published by Sullivant. Sullivant, W.S. & L. Lesquereux. 1865. Musci boreali-americani quorum specimina exsiccata. Columbus, Ohio. 96 pp. Letterman, George Washington (1844 - 1913)
George Washington Letterman was born near Bellefonte, Pennsylvania in 1844 to John G. and Charlotte Letterman (Ancestry.com 2022a). George had three younger siblings: either two sisters and a brother (Ancestry.com 2022a, Stevens 2003) or two brothers and a sister (Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1913). After completing public school, he enrolled at State College (now Penn State University), but he joined the Union Army during the Civil War before graduating and served until the conflict's end (Cunningham 1913, Drushel 1913, JSTOR 2013b, Sargent 1902). By 1863 Letterman had risen to the level of 1st Lieutenant and in 1864 he was at that rank with Company A, 121st Regiment of the U.S. Colored Troops Infantry. George was reappointed, at the same rank, to the 13th Regiment U.S. Colored Heavy Artillery in July 1865 and mustered out as a 1st Lieutenant November 18, 1865 (Ancestry.com 2022b, FamilySearch 2022). The exact timing of his move is uncertain, but after the Civil War he chose to volunteer for duty in New Mexico and by April 1867 he was listed as Captain George W. Letterman with Company K, 125th Regiment of the U.S. Colored Infantry at Fort Bascom (Army and Navy Journal 1867, Sherman 1867). Fort Bascom functioned full time from 1863 through 1870 and continued part-time operation through 1874. The facility, first established as Camp Easton in 1862, was tasked with the responsibility of preventing repeat incursions, like the invasion of 1862, by Confederate forces from Texas into New Mexico. Secondly, its purpose was to reduce raids by tribes of the Southern Plains (primarily Comanche and Kiowa) on settlers and supply trains (Blackshear 2012 & 2013). It was to be sure an isolated outpost, located 90 miles northeast of Fort Sumner and 115 southeast of Fort Union (Blackshear 2012). [James Blackshear's (2016) presentation "Fort Bascom: Civil War Military Post" provides a videographic summary of the life of the facility.] The focus of Fort Bascom varied during Letterman's tenure as post commander. One of his first reports described an intervention by Fort Bascom troops under the supervision of Lt. John D. Lee. Rustlers who had stolen cattle from the fort turned out to be a local rancher, who had a contract to supply beef to the fort, and his one of his cowhands. They intended to supply the army with livestock by selling them the fort's own cattle (Foster 1960). However, the troop's primary functions involved the prevention of trade with and depredations by the Comanches. The troops often intercepted unlicensed Comanchero traders and/or confiscated stolen goods and livestock. George remained at Fort Bascom at least until September 1867, but then decided it was time to move on (Blackshear 2012 & 2013, Foster 1960). He returned to Pennsylvania for a period of time, but eventually headed west again with the goal of becoming a farmer in Kansas. For reasons unknown, the move to Kansas was unsuccessful and in 1869 George established a home in Allenton, Missouri, a community along the Union Pacific Railroad just west of St. Louis (Cunningham 1913, Drushel 1913, JSTOR 2013b, Sargent 1902). During his 30 years in Allenton, Letterman taught in the public school for about 20 years, was the St. Louis County superintendent of schools for two years, and lived in a one-room cabin/herbarium for the duration (Cunningham 1913, Ochs 1913, Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1902 & 1913, Taylor 1913). George developed an interest in woody plants after becoming acquainted with fellow Allenton resident, farmer, and botanist, August Fendler (Cunningham 1913, JSTOR 2013a&b, Spaulding 1909). For a couple of years, Letterman and Fendler met several times per week to observe and identify plants. It was through Fendler, that Letterman met George Engelmann in St. Louis, which led Mr. Letterman to collect a substantial number of specimens (especially oaks and hickories) for Engelmann (Cunningham 1913, Drushel 1913, Sargent 1902). In fact, Letterman corresponded with and provided plant specimens to William Trelease as well as Engelmann (and likely other individuals) at the Missouri Botanical Garden (Engelmann 1875-1881, Trelease 1894) and he was a frequent associate of Gustav Hambach at Washington University (Cheyenne Sun 1885, Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1902 & 1913). Letterman earned a living as an educator, but when school business permitted he traveled away from his home and completed considerable field work in Arkansas, Colorado, Louisiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. His collections varied from herbarium specimens (like those for George Engelmann in St. Louis), to wood specimens for the Jesup Collection in the American Museum of Natural History (Drushel 1913, JSTOR 2013b, Kibbe 1953, Lucas 1914, Sherwood 1911). He even completed a large-scale seed collection project for the nursery trade. "Mr. Thos. Meehan, of Germantown, Pa., came to me last month with a request for 300 bushels of Red Oak acorns and 300 bushels of Hickory nuts to send to Europe for planting (Kibbe 1953)." George had many contacts (see Kibbe 1953) and he botanized with numerous American and European scientists near his cabin along the Meramec River, but in the end, he died an impoverished recluse (Ochs 1913, Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1913, Taylor 1913). Though Mr. Letterman arrived in Missouri in 1869, based upon the data available via the iDigBio database, George did not begin his botanical career in a substantive way until 1875. In 1879 he began venturing out of the "Show-Me" state, first botanizing Arkansas; then Texas, Colorado, Kansas, Wyoming, and other states to the west. Over 60 specimens from eight states collected by Letterman between 1875 and 1890 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Additional specimens collected by him may be examined using the iDigBio and SEINet databases. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022a. George W. Letterman. Blair/Foster Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Ancestry.com. 2022b. George W. Letterman. U.S., Civil War Soldiers, 1861-1865. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Army and Navy Journal. 1867. District of New Mexico. Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces. Volume 4. No.34. p 538. April 13, 1867. Blackshear, James B. 2012. Boots on the Ground: A History of Fort Bascom in the Canadian River Valley. New Mexico Historical Review 87(3):329-358. Blackshear, James B. 2013. Between Comancheros and Comancheria: A history of Fort Bascom, New Mexico. PhD. dissertation. Univ. of North Texas. Denton, Texas. 250 pp. Blackshear, James B. 2016. Fort Bascom: Civil War Military Post [video]. Public presentation. Allen Public Library. Allen, Texas. Cheyenne Sun. 1885. Wyoming's Marvels. The Cheyenne Sun. Cheyenne, Wyoming. August 13, 1885 in Annals of Wyoming. 9(1):680-681. Cunningham, A.D. (sec'y) 1913. George W. Letterman. Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 1:102-103. Drushel, J.A. (recording sec'y). 1913. Letterman, George Washington. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 22:xlii-xliii. Engelmann, George. 1875-1881. Correspondence : Letterman (George) and Engelmann (George), 1875-1883. Peter H. Raven Library. Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, Missouri. FamilySearch. 2022. George W. Letterman. Military - United States, Compiled military service records of Volunteer Union Soldiers who served with the U.S. Colored Troops, 1861-1866. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Foster, James M. 1960. Fort Bascom, New Mexico. New Mexico Historical Review 35(1):30-62. JSTOR. 2013a. Fendler, August (1813-1883). Global Plants. JSTOR. 2013b. Letterman, George Washington (1840-1913). Global Plants. Kibbe, Alice L. 1953. Afield with plant lovers and collectors. Carthage College. Carthage, Illinois. pp. 255-262 of 565. Lucas, Frederic A. 1914. General guide to the exhibition halls of the American Museum of Natural History. Leaflet series #40. Amer. Museum Nat. Hist. New York City, New York. p. 35 of 127. Ochs, Adolph S. (president) 1913. Recluse botanist dead. The New York Times. New York City, New York. p. 1. column 6. May 30, 1913. Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1902. George W. Letterman, hermit botanist, is the Gilbert White of Missouri. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. Sunday Magazine. p. 3. July 20, 1902. Pulitzer Publishing Co. 1913. Prof. Letterman, Noted botanist, Dies in poverty. St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. p. 11. column 5. May 29, 1913. Sargent, Charles Sprague. 1902. George Washington Letterman. in Silva of North America 13:79-80. Houghton, Mifflin, and Company. Boston and New York. Sherman, Lt. General W.T. 1867. Distribution of troops serving in the military division of the Missouri: Division staff. in Report of the Secretary of War. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. p. 40 of 693. Sherwood, George H. 1911. Jesup collection of North American woods. in General guide to the exhibition halls of the American Museum of Natural History. No. 35 of Guide Leaflet Series. New York City, New York. p. 28 of 96. Spaulding, Perley. 1909. A biographical history of botany at St. Louis, Missouri. IV. Popular Sci. Monthly 74:240-258. Stevens, Judy. 2003. George Letterman. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Taylor, Norman. (ed.) 1913. News items. Torreya 13:170. Trelease, William. 1894. The sugar maples, with a winter synopsis of all North American maples. Missouri Bot. Gard. Annual Rpt. pp. 88-106. Lewis, Joseph Stocking (1844 - 1867) Joseph Stocking Lewis (from Batavia, New York) was born in January of 1844 to Elias A. and Elizabeth Stocking Lewis. He was a civil engineering student at Williams College (Williamstown, Massachusetts) and graduated in 1864 (Anonymous 1905, Express Printing Co. 1867, New-York Times 1867, Stocking 1903). In December 1867 he was employed by Mr. M.E.A. Emslie, a civil engineer, and Joseph, along with two other men, was on his way to Silver Creek, New York to observe work that had been completed there by Mr. Emslie's firm Tragically, Lewis was killed in a railroad accident at Angola, New YorkMelvi, December 18, 1867 en route to the forementioned job (Bryan 1867, Durfee 1871, Express Printing Co. 1867, Vogel 2007 & 2013). In addition to engineering, J.S. Lewis was a botanist involved in the day-to-day workings in the herbarium at the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. The depth of his involvement is not clear, but comments made by George W. Clinton indicate Lewis was an important contributor. "Dec. 26. Have been at work, off & on, ever since my return from New York, on the Herbarium. Mr. Joseph Stocking Lewis, of Batavia, has helped me a good deal. ... (Clinton 1866)". "January 1. 9 1/2 A.M. I have just read &c. my letters. Mr. Joseph S. (Stocking) Lewis, of Batavia, is with me, in the Library Room of our Society, at work in setting up the Herbarium. He has been, so far, a real, substantial helper. ... This morning, Mr. Lewis will commence on the 2d quart of the solution in alcohol, of corrosive sublimate. It is composed of corrosive sublimate 1/2 a drachma to 1 oz. of alcohol. I am still dinging away at Carex (Clinton 1867)." Other acknowledgements of Lewis' importance to the scientific community were indicated by the resolutions adopted by the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences following his death (Sprague & Clinton 1867). Lewis' contributions to the herbarium are also reflected in Charles Mohr's letter to G.W. Clinton following Lewis' death. "The specimens wich [sic] as indicated by your labels have been prepared by the lamented Mr. Joseph [S. Lewis?], show the love wich [sic] this unfortunate gentleman had for the science, it is the loss of such a one deeply to be deplored. I certainly shall keep his specimens as mementos of his devotion and zeal in the cause of botanical science (Mohr 1868)." Eight angiosperms collected by Lewis in the Batavia, New York area in the 1800s (probably all around 1867) are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. .......... Anonymous. 1905. General catalogue of the officers and graduates of Williams College. Williams College. Williamstown, Massachusetts. pp. 96 & 211 of 235. Bryan, George J. (ed.) 1867. The Lake Shore Horror! Buffalo Post. Buffalo, New York. p. 1. columns 3-6. December 19, 1867. Clinton, George W. 1866. The botanical journal of G.W. Clinton - December 1866. P.M. Eckel (ed.). The Clinton papers. Res. Botanica. Buffalo Museum of Science and Missouri Botanical Garden. Clinton, George W. 1867. The Clinton Correspondence of Edward Tuckerman (1817-1886) and Mary Wilson (? - 1919): a Preliminary Review. Vol. 3 No. 206 [M 16]. P.M. Eckel (ed.). Res Botanica. Missouri Botanical Garden. Durfee, Calvin. 1871. Williams Biographical Annals: sketches of the alumni. p. 660. Lee and Shepard Publishers. Boston, Massachusetts. Express Printing Co. 1867. The Great Accident. The Buffalo Express. Buffalo, New York. p. 4. columns 2-3. December 20, 1867. Mohr, Charles. 1868. Correspondence of Charles Mohr and G. W. Clinton. Vol.5 no. 156 [B 72]. P.M. Eckel (ed.). Res Botanica. Missouri Botanical Garden. New-York Times. 1867. The Angola Calamity. The New-York Times. New York City, New York. p. 5. columns 3-4. December 25, 1867. Sprague, H.S. & Geo. W. Clinton. 1867. In Memoriam. Buffalo Daily Courier. Buffalo, New York. p. 8. column 6. December 25, 1867. Stocking, Charles H.W. 1903. The Stocking ancestry : comprising the descendants of George Stocking, founder of the American family. Lakeside Press. Chicago, Illinois. p. 81 of 205. Vogel, Charity. 2007. The Angola Train Wreck. HISTORYNET. Vogel, Charity. 2013. The Angola Horror. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. Linder, Mary Frances (1861 - 1955) Anton Linder was born near Overath, Germany in August of 1823. Having read about the opportunities available in the New World, Anton purchased boat passage in 1851 and arrived in New York in October of that year. He ventured west to LaSalle and Peru, Illinois, where he found friends from Germany and work, but he later continued westward by boat and stagecoach, until he reached Iowa City on March 3, 1852. In sections 33 and 34 of Iowa City Township north of Iowa City, he accumulated 274 acres of farm land and operated a kiln to make lime, by heating limestone, for the production of cement (Borden 1985, Butler 1923, Chapman Bros. 1893, Pruitt 1966, Reizenstein 1923, see photos at Iowa Heritage Digital Collections 2016). The house he and his wife, Katherine, built (along present-day Linder Road) was described and pictured in Keyes (1993) and there they raised their family. Mary Frances Linder, one of Anton and Katherine Linder's ten progeny (Ancestry Library 2017, Ancestry.com 2021) was born in September 1861 and attended public school in Iowa City (Chapman Bros. 1893). She graduated from the State University of Iowa (now the University of Iowa) and wrote one of the University's first bachelor's theses, "A Brief Description of Nine Species of Hepaticae Found in the Vicinity of Iowa City" in 1886 (Linder 1886, Special Collections & University Archives 2016, Young pers. comm.), likely under the guidance of Prof. Thomas MacBride (Horton 2006). In addition to being a student, she was employed as a botany assistant at the University of Iowa in 1889 and 1890. Ms. Linder was listed as a botany instructor in the Pharmaceutical Department (State University of Iowa 1890) and she did some post-graduate work in Bonn, Germany (Graceland College 1911, Vosper 1961). Thomas Jefferson Fitzpatrick (from Centerville, Iowa) earned his bachelor's degree from the State University of Iowa in 1893 and his master's degree in 1895. Though not a certainty, it is conceivable that Mr. Fitzpatrick and Ms. Linder became acquainted when their paths crossed at the university. At any rate, on August 26, 1896 Thomas Jefferson Fitzpatrick and Mary Frances Linder were married in Iowa City, Iowa (Baldwin & Baldwin 1932) and the duo began their married life teaching at Graceland College in Lamoni, Iowa. Mary taught German and French from 1897 to 1900 and again from 1908 to 1912 at Graceland. Her spouse taught several science courses, was the college's first librarian, and performed a number of administrative duties (Becker 2016, Graceland College 1911). During their tenure at Graceland the Fitzpatricks assembled an extensive herbarium (˜20,000 specimens) of Iowa's flowering plants (Fitzpatrick 1912, MacBride 1912), but the family moved to Nebraska in 1913, when T.J. accepted a professorship at Cotner College in Lincoln. He then moved on to a position as botany professor and curator of the herbarium at the University of Nebraska in 1918. Fitzpatrick remained at the University of Nebraska, until his retirement in 1949 (University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries 2005). Mary Frances and Thomas had at least a passing interest in paleontology (Thomas 1920), but the majority of their research was plant oriented. They collaborated on several publications dealing with Iowa's flora (Fitzpatrick & Fitzpatrick 1897, 1899a&b, 1901a,b,&c, 1902), all of which seem to date from the period of their residence at Graceland College (see publication list below). A sideline pursuit of the Fitzpatricks was that of booksellers. Though Thomas may have been the primary motivator in that arena, Mary Frances was involved in the endeavour as evidenced by the fact that "Library of T. J. Fitzpatrick; M. F. L. Fitzpatrick" was the bookplate affixed to volumes in their collection (Vosper 1961). It does not seem to be an exaggeration to label them as bibliomaniacal. In February 1953 Robert Vosper and antiquarian bookseller Frank Glenn traveled to Lincoln, Nebraska to evaluate the Fitzpatrick Library that Glenn had purchased. Externally they found the house to be somewhat dilapidated, but otherwise it was an unremarkable white, 2½ story, clapboard structure. "The house was literally full of books, packed with books, all thirteen rooms. Books were stacked under tables, piled up on beds, heaped in bundles on both sides of the stairways, pressed three and four deep in bookcases and onto ceiling-height shelving that lined every room and all hallways. Every room was awash with teetering piles of books, tied bundles of pamphlets, and stacks of magazines, so that we had to inch our way along trails hacked into a bookman's jungle." The volumes undoubtedly numbered in the tens of thousands, but no complete inventory was ever completed. (Photo of part of the house's interior here.) One "inspector estimated ... that there might be twenty-five tons of books in each of the larger rooms and ninety tons all told" in the Fitzpatrick house (Vosper 1961). Most of the blame for the gargantuan book collection falls on the shoulders of T.J. Fitzpatrick, with Mary Frances as a willing partner, but it appears none of their children became bibliophiles. The Fitzpatricks had three children: Frederick, Lilian, and Dethen. Frederick earned a degree from the University of Iowa and ultimately retained a professorship in natural science at Columbia University in New York (Ancestry.com. 2021, Cruse 1953, Fitzpatrick 1941 & 1960, Pruitt 1966). Lilian earned her M.A. in 1923 from the University of Nebraska and began a doctoral program at Cornell University. Tragically she contracted tuberculosis during her Ph.D. program and perished in 1935 prior to completing her research (Nebraska Authors 2018). No information about Dethen's life, other than her birth in 1903, has been uncovered. Following Thomas' death in 1952, Frederick helped resettle his mother with family members in Iowa City and she survived until April 24, 1955 (Cruse 1953, Green 1955). Eight angiosperm specimens collected by Mary Linder in the Iowa City area are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Additional preserved specimens collected by Ms. Linder may be viewed using the iDigBio database and the SEINet database, but none of them deal with her thesis research. .......... Ancestry.com. 2021. Mary F. Linder. Cook-Bruner Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Ancestry Library. 2017. White Family Tree: Mary Linder 1862-. Ancestry Library. Baldwin, Sara Mullin & Robert Morton Baldwin (eds.). 1932. Nebraskana. The Baldwin Company. Hebron, Nebraska. Becker, Sharon R. 2016. Fitzpatrick, Thomas Jefferson & Mary Frances (Linder). Decatur Biographies. The IAGenWeb Project. Borden, Lark (ed.) 1985. The Iowa River was put to work by pioneers. The Press Citizen. June 8, 1985. page 5. Butler, Henry C. (ed.) 1923. Centenarian lives on farm 68 years. Herald Democrat. Leadville, Colorado. October 11, 1923. page 2, column 3. Chapman Bros. 1893. Portrait and biographical record of Johnson, Poweshiek, and Iowa counties. Chapman Brothers. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 535 & 536 of 737. Cruse, Marvin. 1953. Kansas City Library buys books found in boarded houses. Lincoln Evening Journal and Nebraska State Journal. p. 2. columns 1-6. February 13, 1953. Fitzpatrick, Mrs. T.J. 1912. Correspondence with Dr. George G. Kennedy. Dated: November 20, 1912. Lamoni, Decatur Co., Iowa. Fitzpatrick, Frederick L. 1941. The training of biology teachers: Data from a questionnaire. Amer. Bio. Teacher. 3(8):253-260. Fitzpatrick, Frederick L. 1960. Policies for science education. Bureau of Publications. Teachers College. Columbia University. New York City, New York. 219 pp. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1897. Flora of Southern Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences. 5:134-173. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1899a. The Orchidaceae of Iowa. Report Iowa Acad. Sciences. 7:187-196. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1899b. The genus Viburnum in Iowa. Report Iowa Acad. Sciences. 7:197-199. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1901a. The Juglandaceae of Iowa, Betulaceae of Iowa, The Fagaceae of Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences. Volume 8. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1901b. Ranunculaceae of Iowa. Bulletin Nat. Hist. State University of Iowa. 2:87-137. Fitzpatrick, T. J. & M.F.L. Fitzpatrick. 1901c. The native oak groves of Iowa. The Plant World. Vol. 4. pp. 69-71. Fitzpatrick, T.J. & M.F.L Fitzpatrick. 1902. Scrophulariaceae of Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sciences. 10:136-176. Graceland College. 1911. Graceland College Bulletin. Vol. 7. Publ. by Graceland College. Lamoni, Iowa. pp. 10 & 12 of 80. Green, Edwin B. (ed.) 1955. Death takes Iowa Citian. Iowa City Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 9. column 2. April 25, 1955. Horton, Diana. 2006. Mary F. Linder. History of the University of Iowa Herbarium: A legacy lost. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Iowa Heritage Digital Collections. 2016. Lime kiln, Iowa City, Iowa, 1890s. in Frederick W. Kent Collection of Photographs, 1866-2000. Special Collections. University of Iowa Library. Iowa City, Iowa. Linder, Mary F. 1886. A brief description of nine species of Hepaticae found in the vicinity of Iowa City. Unpubl. thesis. Iowa Research Online. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Keyes, Margaret N. 1993. Nineteenth century home architecture of Iowa City. University of Iowa Press. Iowa City, Iowa. 172 pp. MacBride, Thomas H. 1912. Twenty-five years of botany in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 19:43-64. Nebraska Authors. 2018. Lilian Linder Fitzpatrick. Lincoln City Libraries and Bennett Martin Public Library. Lincoln, Nebraska. Pruitt, Clerence M. 1966. Frederick Linder Fitzpatrick. Science Education. 50:297-300. Reizenstein, J.E. (ed.) 1923. Century old, Anton Linder passes beyond . The Press Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. page 12. column 5. September 8, 1923. Special Collections & University Archives. 2016. University Archives: Resource Guide to University 'Firsts'. University of Iowa Libraries. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. State University of Iowa. 1890. Catalog of the State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 1889-90 and announcement for 1890-91. Published by the University. Thomas, A.O. 1920. Echinoderms of the Iowan Devonian. Iowa Geol. Survey Annual Report. 29:391-506. University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries. 2005. T.J. Fitzpatrick, papers. Archives & Special Collections. Lincoln, Nebraska. Vosper, Robert. 1961. A Pair of Bibliomanes for Kansas: Ralph Ellis and Thomas Jefferson Fitzpatrick. Papers Bibliographical Soc. America. 55(3):207-225. Wolters, Loren G. (ed.) 1923. Linder passes century mark. The Press Citizen. August 14, 1923. page 1, column 5. Young, Matrice. pers. comm. 2023. Special Collections and Archives. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Lomax, Alban Edward (1858 - 1894)
Alban Edward Lomax, a son of clergyman Ebenezer William Lomax and Caroline Simpson Cox, was born in January of 1858 (Ancestry.com 2022, Middleton 2017). No records regarding his education, siblings, or spouse have been uncovered. He became a pharmacist in Liverpool, England and spent most of his free time in botanical pursuits. During the course of his life, Lomax assembled a sizeable personal herbarium consisting of his own collections and specimens he acquired via an exchange program with botanists in Europe and North America (adharris 2014, Britten 1894, Britten & Boulger 1898). In fact, Alban's advertisements seeking exchange specimens are fairly common in various issues of Hardwicke's Science-Gossip from the 1890s (e.g. Taylor 1890 & 1891). Lomax's herbarium was purchased by the University of Liverpool following his premature death (adharris 2014, Britten 1894). Counted among his accomplishments is a "Herbarium for pharmaceutical students" (Lomax, Alban Edward (between 1881 and 1894)) which Lomax intended to serve as a materia medica reference for students of pharmacy (adharris 2014). He was also a serious student of the flora of Spain and described a new plant species, Cerastium carpetanum, from there (herbaria@home 2017, Lomax 1893), but more recent inquiries have determined that Lomax's "new" species is in fact a synonym of Cerastium ramosissimum Boiss. (POWO 2022). In fact, in an 1892 edition of Hardwicke's Science-Gossip, Lomax recounted one of his collecting trips to the Pyrenees Mountains. The description details the botanical encounters he experienced, plus a fairly comprehensive report on the geography, the people, the scenic vistas, and Blind Man's Buff (Lomax 1892). Lomax was an active member of and frequent contributor to the Watson Botanical Exchange Club (Cotton 1894, Waller 1885). The importance of Lomax's botanical efforts in Spain have recently been highlighted with regard to the flora of the Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama. Ramirez Chueca (2000) discussed the rediscovery of black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum) in the park, which was first collected in the region by Alban Lomax in 1892. Forty-six Lomax specimens collected from 1879 to 1890 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Many additional Lomax collections may be viewed via the Herbaria United database. .......... Ancestry.com. 2022. Alban Edward Lomax. Carry Gerard Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. adharris. 2014. Superb specimens. Houghton Library. Harvard University. Cambridge, Massachusetts. WebLog. Britten, James (ed.) 1894. Book-notes, news, etc.. Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 32:884. Britten, James S. and G.S. Boulger. 1898. Biographical index of British and Irish botanists.. Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 36:271. Cotton, T.A. (sec'y). 1894. Tenth Annual Report of the Watson Botanical Exchange Club: 1893-1894. E. Bamford. Ashbourne, England. p. 1. herbaria@home. 2017. Alban Edward Lomax (1861-4/5/1894). Botanical Society of the Britain & Ireland. Bristol, U.K. Lomax, Alban Edward. (between 1881 and 1894). Herbarium for pharmaceutical students. Liverpool, England. Lomax, A. E. 1892. A botanist's holiday in the Pyrenees. Hardwicke's Science-gossip 31:130-135, 150-152. Lomax, A. E. 1893. A new Spanish Cerastium. Journal of Botany: British and Foreign 31:331. Middleton, Richard. 2017. Alban Edward Lomax. Natstand. 16 pp. Updated 04/05/2017. POWO. 2022. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Ramirez Chueca, Esteban. 2000. Sobre la presencia de Vincetoxicum nigrum (L.) Moench en los Montes De Valsain (Parque Nacional Sierra de Guadarrama). Flora Montiberica 77:108-111. Taylor, J. E. (ed.) 1890. Exchanges. Hardwicke's Science-gossip 26:119. Taylor, J. E. (ed.) 1891. Exchanges. Hardwicke's Science-gossip 27:96. Waller, A.R. (sec'y). 1885. Report of the Watson Botanical Exchange Club: 1884-1885. William Sessions. York, England. p. 5. Lommasson, Robert C. (1917 - 1996) Robert C. Lommasson, born in Topeka, Kansas January 4, 1917, was the youngest child of Charles C. and Mary E. Lommasson (Ancestry.com 2022). He earned his bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Kansas (Lommasson 1940). Robert went on to complete his doctoral program at the University of Iowa (Lommasson 1948), became a professor of botany at the University of Nebraska in 1948 (Lommasson 1973 at AMAZON), and remained on the staff in Lincoln until 1987 (Hall 2008). Robert, a U.S. Navy pilot during World War II, married Helen Chamberlin in November 1943 (Gazette Company 1943). Helen, perished in January 1993 and Robert subsequently married Trudy Cowling. Robert was the parent of six children, four from his marriage to Helen and two from Trudy's previous marriage (White 1993 & 1996). At the University of Nebraska, Dr. Lommasson's research interests focused on the development of Sorghum (Boke 1972, Lommasson et al. 1971), the native flora of Nebraska (Lommasson 1973), and other botanical topics (Anderson & Lommasson 1958, Ibrahim et al. 1973; Lommasson 1962, 1986a&b; Lommasson & Young 1971). He was an active member of the American Fern Society (Boydston 1954, Wiggins et al. 1964) and he authored "Nebraska Wild Flowers" in order to provide the layperson with a guide to Nebraska's more common flowering plants. Lommasson is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Verbascum phlomoides collected in 1946 from Dinty's trailer camp in Iowa City. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Robert C. Lommasson. Howell Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anderson, Robert G. & Robert C. Lommasson. 1958. Some effects of temperature on the growth of Chara zeylanica Willd. Butler Univ. Bot. Studies. 13:113-120. Boke, Norman H. (ed.) 1972. Abstracts of papers to be presented at the meetings of the Botanical Society of America and certain affiliated groups at the University of Minnesota August 26-September 1, 1972. Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 59(No. 6, pt. 2):643-681. (see abstracts 653 and 679). Boydston, Catherine. 1954. Report of the Michigan field-trip. Amer. Fern Jrnl. 44:37-42. Gazette Company. 1943. Helen Chamberlin bride of Ensign Lommassen [sic] Nov. 25. The Cedar Rapids Gazette. Cedar Rapids, Iowa. section 3. p. 4. column 3. November 28, 1943. Hall, Susannah. (ed.) 2008. History of the UNL Science Departments: Biological sciences faculty & staff. Archives of the University of Nebraska - Lincoln Libraries. Lincoln, Nebraska. Ibrahim, A.M., D.P. Coyne, R.C. Lommasson, & E. Davies. 1973. Orientation, anatomical, and breeding behavior studies of the crookneck rogue fruit in butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch. Ex Poir). Jrnl. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88:575-580. Lommasson, Robert Curtis. 1940. Comparative anatomy within the genus Chamaesyce. M.A. Botany. University of Kansas. Lawrence, Kansas. Lommasson, Robert C. 1948. Tissue relations in grass leaves. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Lommasson, Robert C. 1962. The latex system of some native spurges. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 69:147-151. Lommasson, Robert C., Kit W. Lee, & J. D. Eastin. 1971. Morphology and development of sorghum panicle. Research in the physiology of yield and management of sorghum in relation to genetic improvement. pp. 32-43. Lommasson, Robert C. & C.H. Young. 1971. Vascularization in fern leaves. Amer. Fern Jrnl. 61:87-93. Lommasson, Robert C. 1973. Nebraska Wild Flowers. Univ. Nebraska Press. Lincoln, Nebraska. 185 pp. Lommasson, Robert C. 1986a. Introduced seedlings of red oak in a prairie habitat. Proc. Ninth North Amer. Prairie Conf. pp. 125-126. Lommasson, Robert C. 1986b. Red Oak Germination and Seedling Survival in Prairie Habitats. Trans. Neb. Acad. Sci. 14:51-54. White, Tom. (ed.) 1993. Deaths. Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 13. column 1. February 1, 1993. White, Tom. (ed.) 1996. Obituaries. Lincoln Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. p. 5c. column 2. November 20, 1996. Wiggins, Ira L., C.V. Morton, Rolla M. Tryon, & John H. Thomas. (eds.) 1964. American Fern Society: New & Notes and List of Members. Amer. Fern Jrnl. 54:43, 46, 166. The identity of Mrs. H.C. Long is not a certainty at present, but the most likely candidate is, Frances R. Long (maiden name Riggs (Price 1893g, 1894c)). Ms. Long was born in Missouri and attended North Missouri State Normal School (present-day Truman State University). She was a graduate of the New England Conservatory and Berlitz School of Languages in Boston, Massachusetts. Frances was a public school teacher for a period of time in Troy, Missouri and then moved to Des Moines, Iowa, where she taught Latin and English at Callanan College, which is now the School of Education at Drake University. She and her husband arrived in Grand Junction, Colorado in about 1890 (Des Moines Public Schools 2023, Price 1893i). The following paragraphs provide a bit of background information about H.C. and Frances R. Long during their residence in and botanical activities around Grand Junction. Again, Mrs. H.C. Long (Mrs. Henry C. Long) moved to Grand Junction, Colorado from Iowa and was selected as a teacher/assistant principal in the Grand Junction school system in about 1890 (Bartow 1891 a,b&c, Price 1893i). She was listed as an instructor at a teachers' institute held in Gunnison, Colorado in 1892 (Winship 1892) and held her position in the Grand Junction school system until the summer of 1894 (Lee & Bunting 1894a, Price 1893f). During her career, Mrs. Long had more than a passing interest in teaching science (Price 1893h). Frances was one of the founders of the Western Colorado Academy of Sciences (Price 1893a & 1894b) and she was among the organizers of the Grand Junction library in 1894. Ms. Long was involved in other civic activities, such as theatrical performances produced in the late 1800s (Jones 1995, Lee & Bunting 1894c, Mesa County Genealogical Society 1992, Price 1894a). As early as January 1892 the name H.C. Long appears in various Colorado newspapers. H.C. Long (full name, Henry C. Long (Price 1892b)) was part of a trio that "returned from a visit to the chalk cliffs bringing with them a dozen or so specimens of petrified bones" (Seeberger & Merrill 1892) and he, like his wife, was among the founders of the Western Colorado Academy of Sciences in Grand Junction (Price 1893a & 1894b). Mr. Long was accumulating vegetable preserves for display at the upcoming 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago (Price 1892c & 1893b&d) and he was a promoter for the cultivation of sugar beets (Price 1893b&c). Long was appointed county crop inspector by the board of horticultural supervisors in 1893 (Price 1893e) and he was a crop inspector for the Colorado Agriculture Experiment Station (Gillette 1895). Henry was also an accomplished thespian (Jones 1995). According to Alice Eastwood, the type specimen for Castilleia scabrida [sic] "was collected at Grand Junction by Mrs. H.C. Long in the spring of 1890" (Eastwood 1902). Eastwood, a contemporary of Mary Katharine Brandegee, was a self-taught botanist with the California Academy of Sciences, who collected extensively in Colorado before accepting a position with the Academy (California Academy of Sciences 2010). Furthermore, the type location for Cynomarathrum eastwoodae C.&R. is "Grand Junction, Colorado; collected by Alice Eastwood, May, 1892" (Coulter & Rose 1900), over 130 Eastwood specimens in the iDigBio (2017) specimen database list "Grand Junction" as the collection locality, and a number of specimens collected by Alice Eastwood in the 1890s from the Grand Junction area are listed in the Intermountain Region Herbarium Network database. Mrs. Long began botanizing the Grand Junction region at least as early as 1892 (Bartow 1892 a&b) and during the March 1, 1892 meeting of Western Colorado Academy of Sciences, Mrs. Long gave a presentation on the "collection and preservation of plants" (Price 1892a). She was mentioned as being the manager of the Academy's "department of botany" and "Miss Eastwood of California" was listed as a corresponding member of the Academy (Price 1894b). Therefore, it seems reasonable to suggest that Frances Long and Alice Eastwood could have become acquainted during at least one of Eastwood's collecting forays near Grand Junction. But, not all of the Longs' existence in Grand Junction was harmonious. H.C. and Frances Long were defendants in a Mesa County, Colorado legal dispute over land and horses. It seems that H.C. Long and Thomas B. Crawford purchased 480 acres of land on Orchard Mesa south of Grand Junction. The civil suit alleged that Long traded the land for 260 horses and tried to mortgage the livestock, without giving Mr. Crawford his fair compensation (Lee & Bunting 1894b&d). The horses were sold at a public auction in July 1896 (Price & Newton 1896). Though Mr. and Mrs. H.C. Long were mentioned often in Grand Junction area newspapers until October 1899, they disappeared from print thereafter, with one exception. The only post-1899 publication that's been located and definitely refers to Henry and Frances Long was a legal notice regarding a parcel of land near Grand Junction. The plaintiff in the case was James P. Rigg, presumably one of Frances' relatives (Walker 1948). Using the iDigBio and SEINet databases as a guide H.C. Long completed all of his plant collecting in 1893 (two dozen specimens). On the other hand, four specimens are attributed to Mrs. H.C. Long: three plants she collected in Mesa County, Colorado in 1892 and a long-tailed weasel from Sedgwick County, Colorado that dates to 1923. As part of a bound herbarium assembled by Rebecca M. Austin, Physaria didymocarpa and Streptanthus cordatus specimens from Grand Junction, Colorado that were collected in 1892 by Mrs. H.C. Long for Herb Shoemaker and are now present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. ....... Bartow, John L. (publisher). 1891a. A dastardly outrage. Grand Valley Star. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 6. column 2. March 7, 1891. Bartow, John L. (publisher). 1891b. Local jottings. Grand Valley Star. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 2. June 20, 1891. Bartow, John L. (publisher). 1891c. Personal mention. Grand Valley Star. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 3. September 12, 1891. Bartow, John L. (publisher). 1892a. Academy of Science. Grand Valley Star. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 6. March 5, 1892. Bartow, John L. (publisher). 1892b. The fossil hunters. Grand Valley Star. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 3. column 3. April 9, 1892. California Academy of Sciences. 2010. Alice Eastwood papers. Special Collections. California Academy of Sciences Library. San Francisco, CA Coulter, John M. & J.N. Rose. 1900. Monograph of the North American Umbelliferae. Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herbarium. Vol. 7. No. 1. Washington, D.C. p. 247 of 408. Des Moines Public Schools. 2023. Callanan Middle School: History. Des Moines Public Schools. Des Moines, Iowa. Eastwood, Alice. 1902. New western plants. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 29:523-525. Gillette, C.P. 1895. Report of the entomological section. Seventh annual report of the Ag. Expt. Station. For the year 1894. Fort Collins, Colorado. pp. 58-64. iDigBio portal. 2017. Eastwood specimens search. Integrated Digitized Biocollections. Jones, Diana. (ed.) 1995. Objective History: Grand Junction, Colorado - Part II. Jrnl. of the Western Slope. 10(2):1-79. (see pp. 2, 4, & 5) Lee & Bunting. (proprietors) 1894a. Principal elected. The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 2. July 28, 1894. Lee & Bunting. (proprietors) 1894b. Local happenings. The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 2. August 4, 1894. Lee & Bunting. (proprietors) 1894c. Union services. The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 3. July 30, 1894. Lee & Bunting. (proprietors) 1894d. Verdict in the Crawford-Long case. The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 3. October 10, 1894. Mesa County Genealogical Society. 1992. Grand Junction library. Mesa Dwellers. 12(4):6. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1892a. Academy of Sciences. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 1. column 3. March 5, 1892. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1892b. Academy of Sciences. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 1. column 2. May 7, 1892. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1892c. Local jottings. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 5. column 2. November 26, 1892. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893a. Academy of Sciences. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 3. columns 4&5. January 28, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893b. Canned fruit wanted. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 2. March 25, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893c. Farmers! Attention! Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 5. column 3. April 15, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893d. p. 1. column 3. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 1. column 3. June 17, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893e. Local jottings. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 5. column 2. June 17, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893f. Our educators. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 5. column 3. August 12, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893g. Personal points. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 1. April 15, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893h. Teachers' Association meeting. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 1. column 3. December 16, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1893i. High school. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 2. September 9, 1893. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1894a. Additional local. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 4. column 3. February 10, 1894. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1894b. Academy of Sciences. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 2. February 17, 1894. Price, Edwin. (publisher) 1894c. Personal points. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 8. column 1. June 23, 1894. Price & Newton. (publishers) 1896. Receiver's sale of personal property. Grand Junction News. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 3. column 2. July 4, 1896. Seeberger & Merrill. 1892. State news. The Lamar Register. Lamar, Colorado. p. 2. column 2. January 23, 1892 Walker, Walter. (publisher) 1948. Summons in the District Court. State of Colorado. County of Mesa. The Daily Sentinel. Grand Junction, Colorado. p. 11. column 1. August 5, 1948. Winship A. E. (ed.) 1892. Educational Intelligence: Colorado. Journal of Education. 36:192. Henry Bird Lord was born in Ancram, New York in January of 1821. His family moved to Castleton, Vermont and he received at least part of his education there at the Castleton Academy, which served the area as a grammar school, high school, and county medical college (Waite 1949). In 1836, after the death of his father, Lord settled in Ludlowville, New York (Patterson 1915, Cutter 1912). Henry and Sarah Read were married in 1852 (Ancestry.com 2022). In Ludlowville he went to work as a clerk in the Henry L. Burr & Company general store. In 1849 Henry became a partner in the business and in 1858 the enterprise became Lord & Burr (Patterson 1915, Cutter 1912, Hewett 1894). He served in the New York Assembly (1864-1865 (Kestenbaum 2015)) and in 1866 he severed his ties with the general store, moved to Ithaca, New York and became a cashier at the First National Bank of Ithaca (Cutter 1912, Hewett 1894). He continued at his cashier's position until his 80th birthday and then served as a director of the bank until 1915. Henry B. Lord was an early strong advocate for the establishment of Cornell University and he sat on the board of trustees of that institution for many years (Bishop 1962, Patterson 1915, Cornell University 1911, Cutter 1912, Hewett 1894). Little has been published about Lord's botanical pursuits, but it is evident that he was indeed interested in the science. Peck (1866) published the "List of Plants for the State Herbarium collected by Henry B. Lord in the vicinity of Ludlowville, Tompkins County, 1865" and Henry B. Lord is the collector of record for a number of taxa listed in Clinton's work (1866). It seems that Lord became something of an entomologist as an offshoot of this botanical pursuits and donated an early copy of William H. Edwards' text on "The Butterflies of North America" to the developing entomology collection at Cornell University (Comstock 1953). A single specimen of Desmodium cuspidatum collected by Lord in Ludlowville, New York is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. In addition an H.B. Lord specimen of Carex lupulina at Harvard University may be viewed via the iDigBio database and an H.B. Lord collection of Carex torta at Mississippi State University is available through the SEINet database. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Henry B. Lord. Life in the Past Lane 2023 Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bishop, Morris. 1962. A history of Cornell. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York. p. 354 of 657. Clinton, George W. 1866. Facts and Observations touching the Flora of the State of New York, by one of the Regents. 19th Annual Report of the Regents. p.72-80. Comstock, Anna Botsford. 1953. The Comstocks of Cornell: John Henry Comstock and Anna Botsford Comstock. Cornell Univ. Press. Ithaca, New York. Cornell University. 1911. Catalogue number 1910-1911. Official publications of Cornell University. Ithaca, New York. p. 4 of 128. Patterson, Woodford. (ed.) 1915. Henry B. Lord: obituary. Cornell Alumni News. Official publications of Cornell University. 17:492. Cutter, William Richard. (ed.) 1912. Genealogical and family history of Western New York. Vol. 3. Lewis Historical Publ. Co. New York City, New York. p. 1480 of 1517. Hewett, Thomas Waterman. 1894. The History of Cornell University in the twenty-five years of its existence. in John H. Selkreg (ed.). Landmarks of Tompkins County, New York. pp. 359-671. Kestenbaum, Lawrence. 2015. The Political Graveyard: The Internet's Most Comprehensive Source of U.S. Political Biography. Peck, Charles H. 1866. List of Plants for the State Herbarium collected by Henry B. Lord. Nineteenth annual report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York. Albany, New York. Waite, Frederick Clayton. 1949. The first medical college in Vermont: Castleton 1818-1862. Chapter 2. Vermont Historical Society. Montpelier, Vermont. 280 pp. David Lyall (photograph here and here), the eldest son of Charles and Elizabeth Callum Lyall, was born in Kincardineshire, Scotland in June of 1817. His advanced education began at Marischal College in Aberdeen, Scotland, where he spent three years in pursuit of an "arts" degree. Evidently Lyall decided that his interests fell more in the area of medicine, than in the arts, and he earned the Licentiate of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh in 1838. The "licentiate" at that time might best be described as a somewhat abridged and less expensive path to the practice of medicine. Lyall ultimately earned the bona fide M.D. degree from King's College, Aberdeen, Scotland in 1844 (Hooker 1895, Library and Special Collections 2016, Lyall 2010). At some point after his stint at Marischal and prior to finishing at Edinburgh, Lyall accepted a position as ship's surgeon on a whaling vessel headed to Greenland. Though little is known about that excursion, the very fact that he chose to participate in the venture was an indication of what his life was to become. In 1839 Lyall entered the Royal Navy and was immediately designated assistant-surgeon of H.M.S. Terror with the British Exploration of Antarctica. Captain James Clark Ross put Lyall in charge of making botanical collections in addition to his medical duties (Hooker 1895, Lyall 2010). In October of 1839 the H.M.S. Terror and its companion vessel H.M.S. Erebus, with Dr. John D. Hooker (Lyall's friend and fellow surgeon-botanist) aboard, left England. The expedition arrived in Tasmania in August of 1840, crossed the Antarctic Circle in January 1841, and discovered what were to be named the Ross Sea and Ross Ice Shelf by the end of April. In November of 1841 the expedition again left Tasmania and from mid-December to mid-March (1842) the group explored the Antarctic Region, while battling severe weather, damage to the Erebus, and dangerous ice conditions. In mid-March they sailed to Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego and then on to the Falkland Islands off the southern coast of Argentina. They stayed in the Falklands until mid-December and again set out to continue their Antarctic explorations. This time the explorers were thwarted by a more-or-less impenetrable ice pack and were forced to set sail for home in early March 1843. According to Hooker (1895), Lyall assembled an impressive herbarium of at least 1500 species, which included a "beautiful collection of interesting Algae". One of the taxa collected from Kerguelen's Land was the basis for a new genus Lyallia, which Hooker named "to commemorate in slight degree the important services rendered to Botany by my zealous friend and co-operator, Dr. Lyall, R.N." (Hooker 1844 & 1895, Lyall 2010). After the Antarctic Expedition, Dr. Lyall was assigned by the Royal Navy to an exploration in the Mediterranean. That was followed by his assignment aboard the H.M.S. Acheron in 1847 as ship's surgeon and naturalist — a trip that involved a survey of the New Zealand coast. His plant collections in New Zealand included a member of the Ranunculaceae, that Hooker (1867) named Ranunculus lyallii to honor Lyall's efforts. In 1852 he was part of a voyage that searched for Sir John Franklin's lost expedition that was exploring the Canadian Arctic (Hooker 1895, Lyall 2010), but none of Franklin's ships were located until 2014 (Parks Canada 2016). Lyall served on a number of other expeditions, but the year 1858 found him in North America's Pacific Northwest aboard the H.M.S. Plumper and then the H.M.S. Hecate. This time Lyall held the positions of naturalist and ship's surgeon as part of a venture whose purpose was to determine the boundary between Canada and the United States (both off the Pacific Ocean coast and on shore). Early on Lyall was transferred to the land-based part of the commission and his travels, from Vancouver Island south to Frasier River and west of the Cascade Mountains, from sea level to 8000 feet in elevation, allowed him to collect some 6700 herbarium specimens from nearly 1400 species. True to form, Lyall's efforts resulted in an important herbarium that represented the flora he had seen and his report (Lyall 1864) regarding that expedition was published in the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Hooker 1895, Lyall 2010). David Lyall's botanical skills were likely enhanced at least in part while he was a student of Dr. Alexander Murray (Mollyson 1893, Murray 1836). Though not confirmed in any document, Andrew Lyall's suggestion (2010) that David Lyall's interest in botany may have been initially spurred by his grandfather, William Lyall, is plausible. William Lyall was a tenant farmer in Wattieston, Fordoun, Scotland and in about 1764 he experimented with the planting of about a half-acre of turnips. The crop proved to be hearty and useful as forage for cattle. The cattle feed aspect was important, because previously all but the breeding stock from a herd were slaughtered each fall, because too little fodder was available to keep the animals alive through the winter months. Within ten years of the initial experiment an estimated 10-15 percent of the tillable land of the area was in turnip crops and by the early 1800s the amount of turnip cropland in the county was in the 1000s of acres (Lyall 2010, Macdonald 1893, Mollyson 1893, Youatt 1834). Lyall in represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Acer glabrum Torr. collected in 1858 from Semiahmoo Bay, Washington. This specimen is likely part of the herbarium he amassed during his explorations of the Pacific Northwest (Lyall 1864). More of Lyall's specimens from the boundary commission exploration may be viewed at the Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria database and other Lyall specimens collected from around the globe are documented in the Kew Herbarium. The preceding paragraphs amount to an all-too-inadequate account of the conquests and contributions of Dr. David Lyall. The interested reader is referred to the published works of Hooker (1895), Lyall (2010), and The Royal Engineers (2010) for more thorough and elegant summaries of Lyall's life. ....... Hooker, J.D. 1844. The botany of the Antarctic voyage of H.M. discovery ships Erebus and Terror in the years 1839-1843. Reeve Brothers. London, England. p. 549 of 574. Hooker, J.D. 1867. Handbook of the New Zealand flora. Reeve & Co. London, England. 798 pp. Hooker, J.D. 1895. David Lyall, M.D. Jrnl. Botany British and Foreign. 33:209-211. Library and Special Collections. 2016. Historical Enquiries - FAQs. The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh, Scotland. Lyall, Andrew. 2010. David Lyall (1817-1895): Botanical explorer of Antarctica, New Zealand, the Arctic and North America. The Linnean. 26:23-48. Lyall, David. 1864. Account of botanical collections made by David Lyall, M.D., R.N., F.L.S. Jrnl. Proc. Linn. Soc. 7:124-144. Macdonald, James. 1893. On the agriculture of the counties of Forfar and Kincardine. Trans. Highland and Agricultural Soc. Scotland. p. 72 of 408. Mollyson, Charles A. 1893. The parish of Fordoun: Chapters in its history or Reminiscences of place and character. John Rae Smith. Aberdeen, Scotland. pp. 323-326 of 341. Murray, Alexander. 1836. The Northern Flora. Part 1. Adam and Charles Black. Edinburgh, Scotland. 150 pp. Parks Canada. 2016. The Franklin Expedition. Parks Canada National Office. Gatineau, Quebec. The Royal Engineers. 2010. David Lyall: Surgeon, Royal Navy. In Her Britannic Majesty's Colonies of Vancouver's Island and British Columbia. Youatt, William. 1834. Cattle: Their Breeds, Management, and Diseases. Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Baldwin and Cradock. London. P.112 of 600. Macbride, Thomas H. (1848 - 1934)
Thomas H. Macbride was born in Rogersville, Tennessee (July of 1848) to Reverend James Macbride and Sarah Huston Macbride. He was the eldest of seven children. Rev. Macbride was a Presbyterian minister who drew the ire of his rural eastern Tennessee parishioners, when he preached about the virtues of antislavery. By 1857 Reverend Macbride had moved his family to southeastern Iowa and he continued to deliver sermons to a congregation in that state for the rest of his life (Ancestry.com 2022, Homans 1918, McCartney 2009, Speidel 1934). After completing his secondary education, Thomas first attended Lenox College in Hopkinton, Iowa. Macbride went on to earn his B.A. from Monmouth College in 1869, his M.A. in 1873 from the same institution (Homans 1918, Horton 2006, McCartney 2009, Monmouth College 1926, Shimek 1934, Special Collections & University Archives 2016), and he subsequently completed some graduate work at the University of Bonn (Bain 1911, Gerber 2005, Homans 1918, Sabin et al. 1913). Though his degrees were in art, from 1870 to 1878 Macbride was back in Hopkinton teaching mathematics and languages at Lenox College (Shimek 1934). There at Lenox, Prof. Macbride met and befriended geologist Samuel Calvin. The two became not only good friends, but common field trip partners, who traveled by horse-drawn wagon as far west as the Missouri River, collecting specimens for museum and classroom use (Bain 1911). By 1873 Calvin was "Acting Professor of Natural Science and Curator of the University Cabinet" at the State University of Iowa and a year later he was made a full professor assigned to teach all classes in natural science (Thornton 1947). Dr. Calvin hired Thomas Macbride away from Lenox College to join the natural history staff at the University of Iowa in 1878. Macbride became a full professor in 1883 and he was named the chair of the botany department in 1902. He accepted the reins as university president following the resignation of John G. Bowman in 1914 and retained that position until his retirement in 1916 (Homans 1918, McCartney 2009, Sabin et al. 1913, Speidel 1934). On last day of December in 1875, Thomas and a woman he had met at Lenox College, Harriet Diffenderfer, were married. Harriet and Thomas had four children, but only two, Philip and Jean, survived past infancy. Following Thomas' retirement from the University of Iowa, the Macbride's moved to Seattle, where their children were already residing (Ancestry.com 2022, McCartney 2009, Shimek 1934, Speidel 1934). As mentioned above, according to Shimek (1934), Macbride first became acquainted with Dr. Samuel Calvin when Thomas was one of Calvin's students. But the teacher/student relationship morphed into a long-term friendship and starting in 1870 the duo completed numerous field trips together to investigate the botany, geology, and zoology of various locations in Iowa. Macbride's experiences on those excursions with Calvin served to strengthen Thomas' love of the outdoors and undoubtedly laid the groundwork for Macbride's eventual push to establish more parks in the state (McCartney 2009, Shimek 1934, Special Collections & University Archives 2016). Though his research ultimately focused on slime molds (e.g. Macbride 1899), Prof. Macbride published on a variety of topics including botany, culture and women's rights, geology, pioneer life (e.g. Macbride 1928), paleobotany, and traditional beliefs (e.g. Macbride 1909). His published works on fungi are nicely summarized in Shimek (1934) and many of his other publications are listed in Marple (1918), and Google Scholar. In 1880 only about 300 specimens were present in the University of Iowa herbarium, but during Macbride's tenure it grew dramatically in terms of numbers and the types of specimens. The sheer number of specimens swelled, but the facility's taxonomic diversification was broadened, by the incorporation of fossil plants, slime molds, and fungi, in addition to vascular plants (Horton 2006). That collection has been incorporated into the Ada Hayden Herbarium at Iowa State University. Thomas Macbride was a member of and contributed to a number of professional organizations, such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Botanical Society of America, the Iowa Academy of Science, and the Iowa Geological Survey. In 1909 he helped establish Iowa Lakeside Laboratory on a five-acre tract on Miller's Bay, West Okoboji Lake (McCartney 2009, Speidel 1934, Special Collections & University Archives 2016). Today the lab encompasses 147 acres and still functions to provide educational and research opportunities to students and faculty (Iowa Lakeside Laboratory 2016). Four plant specimens (Cicuta maculata, Dryopteris goeldiana, Potamogeton americanus (= Potamogeton lucens L.), Rhus aromatica) collected by Macbride from Muscatine County in 1895 and 1898 are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Others may be viewed via the SEINet and iDigBio databases. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Thomas Huston Macbride. GrahamFox Tree Search. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bain, H. Foster. 1911. Samuel Calvin. Jrnl. of Geology 19:385-391. Gerber, John C. 2005. A pictorial history of the University of Iowa. University of Iowa Press. Iowa City, Iowa. pp. 60-62 of 281. Homans, James E. (ed.) 1918. The cyclopedia of American biography. The Press Assoc. Compilers, Inc. New York City, New York. p. 358 of 576. Horton, Diana. 2006. Thomas Huston Macbride. History of the University of Iowa Herbarium: A legacy lost. University of Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa. Iowa Lakeside Laboratory. 2016. About us. Iowa Lakeside Laboratory - Regents Resource Center. Milford, IA. Macbride, Thomas Huston. 1899. The North American Slime-moulds. The MacMillan Company. New York. 269 pp. Macbride, Thomas Huston. 1909. The folk-lore of plants. Iowa Anthropological Soc. 19 pp. Macbride, Thomas Huston. 1928. In cabins and sod-houses. State Historical Society of Iowa. Athens Press. Iowa City, Iowa. 368 pp. Marple, Alice. 1918. Iowa Authors and Their Works: A Contribution Toward a Bibliography. Historical Dept. of Iowa. Des Moines, Iowa. pp. 176-177 of 359. McCartney, David. 2009. Macbride, Thomas Huston. in The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa. University of Iowa Press. Iowa City, Iowa. Monmouth College. 1926. Alumni. Monmouth College Bulletin: Alumni edition. Series 26. No. 2. Monmouth College. Monmouth, Illinois. p. 10 of 102. Sabin, Edwin L., Randall Parrish, Emerson Hough, Mrs. James G. Berryhill, & Julia Rogers. (eds.) 1913. Bowman resigns as president of the University. The Iowa Alumnus 11(7):5-7. Shimek, B. 1934. Thomas Huston MacBride. Mycologia 26:379-383. Special Collections & University Archives. 2016. Papers of Thomas H. Macbride. University of Iowa Libraries. Iowa City, Iowa. Speidel, Merritt C. (publisher) 1934. Thomas H. Macbride, President Emeritus of S.U.I., Dies. Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 2. columns 1 & 2. March 27, 1934. Thornton, H.J. 1947. Centennial Memoirs: Samuel Calvin. University of Iowa Press. Mackenzie, Kenneth (1877 - 1934) Kenneth Kent Mackenzie was born in Brooklyn, New York, but by 1880 his family had moved to Muscatine, Iowa. His parents, Anna and George also raised Kenneth's younger sister, Mabel, but an older child, Helen, perished in infancy. Kenneth earned a B.A. in law from Kansas City Law School in 1889 and later a second law degree from Columbia University in 1906. He made a living as a corporate attorney in New York City (Ancestry.com 2022, JSTOR 2013, Pine et al. 1912). Mackenzie was an accomplished amateur botanist who became an authority and published on the genus Carex in North America (Mackenzie 1940, BioStor 2016). Beyond Carex, he authored the "Manual of the Flora of Jackson County, Missouri" (Mackenzie 1902), as well as a number of works dealing with genera such as Solidago, Nymphaea, Ledum, and others (e.g. Mackenzie 1902, 1905, 1907, 1918, 1920, 1922, 1926, 1928, & Google Scholar). His plant collecting occurred over a wide swath of the United States and Canada during the late 1800s and early 1900s (see specimen records at the iDigBio and the SEINet databases. Mr. Mackenzie was a member of the New York Botanical Garden's (NYBG) board of managers for the ten years preceding his death and he donated his personal herbarium of over 40,000 specimens to the Garden in 1931. NYBG also received 1000 illustrations that were done for Mackenzie by H.C. Creutzberg (see Mackenzie 1940 & Bioinformatics Working Group 1997) and a $10,000 donation to cover the publication costs, as was stipulated in Mackenzie's 1934 will. Mackenzie was a dedicated bibliophile who built a collection that included 1000s of volumes. He bequeathed his botanical/horticultural library to the Horticultural Society of New York (Callery 1995, JSTOR 2013) and a sizeable portion of that is now present at Kansas State University. Kansas State's "Mackenzie Linnaeana" collection includes in excess of 1300 compositions, some authored by Carl Linnaeus and others written about Linnaeus (K-State Libraries 2016). Two Mackenzie specimens collected in Iowa, Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. and an as yet unidentified Trifolium, are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Thousands of additional Mackenzie specimens are available for review at the iDigBio and SEINet databases. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Kenneth Kent Mackenzie. Calemitom Tree Search. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bioinformatics Working Group. 1997. Illustrations created by Harry Charles Creutzburg for Kenneth Kent Mackenzie's (1940) North American Cariceae. Texas A&M University. College Station, Texas. BioStor. 2016. Search results for author: Kenneth K Mackenzie. Articles from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Callery, Bernadette G. 1995. Collecting collections: building the library of The New York Botanical Garden. Brittonia 47:44-56. JSTOR. 2013. MacKenzie, Kenneth Kent (1877-1934). Global Plants. K-State Libraries. 2016. Mackenzie Linnaeana. Rare Books. Richard L. D. & Marjorie J. Morse Dept. of Special Collections. Kansas State University. Manhattan, Kansas. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1902. Manual of the flora of Jackson County, Missouri. Assisted by B.F. Bush and others. The New Era Printing Company. Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 242 pp. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1905. Onosmodium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32:495-506. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1907. A hybrid Lespedeza. Torreya 7:76-78. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1918. Labrador Tea in New Jersey. Torreya 12:239-242. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1920. Scientific names applicable to our purple-flowered Eupatoriums. Rhodora 22:157-165. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1922. The records for Limnobium spongia in the Northern United States. Torreya 22:102-104. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1926. Technical name of Sugar Maple. Rhodora:233-234. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1928. Concerning the proper identification of Linnaean species, especially those based on material collected by Clayton. Rhodora 30:232-237. Mackenzie, Kenneth K. 1940. North American Cariceae. illustrated by Harry Charles Creutzburg. New York Bot. Garden. Vol. 1 & 2. Rhodora 30:232-237. Pine, John P., Frank D. Frackenthal, & George B. Compton 1912. Catalog of the officers and graduates of Columbia University. 25th ed. Columbia University. New York City, New York. pp. 522 & 901 of 1151. Marshall, Orsamus Holmes (1813 - 1884)
Dr. John E. Marshall and Ruth Holmes Marshall settled in Mayville, New York in 1809, but Ruth fled to Connecticut just before British forces incinerated the town during the War of 1812. Dr. Marshall served as surgeon for the military during the war, but Ruth remained with family in Connecticut until the end of the conflict. It was there in Franklin, Connecticut that Orsamus Holmes Marshall, John and Ruth's only child, was born (February of 1813). Ruth and Orsamus rejoined Dr. Marshall in Mayville following the cessation of fighting. The family moved to Buffalo in 1815 and Orsamus remained a resident there for the rest of his life (Ancestry.com 2022, Smith 1884, Walworth 1864, Welch 1891, Wilson & Fiske 1888). Mr. Marshall's education began in the elementary schools of Buffalo and continued when he attended Yate's Polytechnic School (Chittenango, New York) for a year. In 1829 (age 16) he returned to Buffalo, continued his education at McKay's Military Academy, and then enrolled as a junior at Union College (Schenectady, New York). He graduated in 1831 and went to work in the law offices of Austin & Baker in Buffalo, until 1833 at which time he studied law at Yale College. The following year Orsamus began the practice of law with a variety of partners, until his retirement from the legal profession in 1867 (Genealogical Publishing Company 1906-1908, Smith 1884, Wilson & Fiske 1888). Though Marshall practiced law in Buffalo until 1867, he was also an accomplished historian who wrote on a variety of topics (Marshall n.d., 1879, 1881). Most significantly he was interested in the native peoples of the region and Orsamus developed a personal relationship with several tribal chiefs, from whom he gained much of the information for the historical works he authored on the Onondagas and Senecas (Edens 2009, Ockerbloom 2016, Welch 1891, Wilson & Fiske 1888). Marshall (1887) is a compilation of many of his works such as, "Champlain's Expedition against the Onondagas", "The Expedition of the Marquis de Nonville against the Senecas", and "The Building and the Voyage of the 'Griffon' in 1679". Orsamus was involved in many organizations as an active civil servant. He participated in the founding of the Buffalo Historical Society and the Buffalo Cemetery Association. He served an active trustee for Buffalo's Grosvenor Library, the University of Buffalo, the Society of Natural Sciences, and other community organizations. Millicent Anne DeAngelis and Orsamus Marshall were married in February 1838. The couple raised three children in Buffalo - John, Charles, and Elizabeth - (Ancestry.com 2022, Mitchell 1888, Smith 1884, Walworth 1864). Additional information about Millicent and/or the children has yet to be discovered. Statements mentioning Orsamus Marshall's interest in science, more specifically botany, are few and far between. George W. Clinton, a prominent citizen, judge, and botanist in Buffalo, wrote about Marshall in a botanical context in his journal (Eckel 2002). The aid Marshall rendered to the development of parks in Buffalo and his contributions (presumably monetary and organizational) to the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences is mentioned among the memorials posted in the appendix of the compendium of his historical writings (Marshall 1887) and in Smith (1884). Four angiosperm specimens collected by O. H. Marshall are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Regrettably, none of them bears any collection data. Given Marshall's acquaintance with G.W. Clinton, it's likely the Marshall collections arrived in Davenport by virtue of a specimen exchange between the Clinton Herbarium and the early Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Orsamus Holmes Marshall. HolmesGen Tree Search. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Eckel, P.M. (ed.) 2002. The botanical journal of G. W. Clinton - July, 1862. The Clinton Papers. Res Botanica Web Site, Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, Missouri. Edens, John. 2009. 125 years ago: Death of a chancellor. University of Buffalo Reporter. September 30, 2009. Genealogical Publishing Company. 1906-1908. Memorial and family history of Erie County, New York. Vol. 1. The Genealogical Publishing Co. Buffalo, New York. p. 32 & 33 of 391. Marshall, Orsamus H. n.d. Narrative of the Expedition of the Marquis de Nonville, Against the Senecas, in 1687. Bartlett and Welford, 1848. Marshall, Orsamus H. 1879. The building and voyage of the Griffon in 1679. Reprinted from: Publ. Buffalo Historical Soc. Bigelow Brothers. 288 pp. Marshall, Orsamus H. 1881. The Niagara Frontier. Reprinted from: Publ. Buffalo Historical Soc. in 1865. 37 pp. Marshall, Orsamus H. 1887. The historical writings of the late Orsamus H. Marshall relating to the early history of the West. Joel Munsell's Sons. Albany, New York. 500 pp. Mitchell, Samuel S. (pastor). 1888. Manual of the First Presbyterian Church. Buffalo, New York. Matthews, Northrup, & Co. Buffalo, New York. in Ancestry.com. Ockerbloom, John Mark (ed.). 2016. Online Books by Orsamus H. Marshall (Marshall, Orsamus H. (Orsamus Holmes), 1813-1884). The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Smith, H. Perry. 1884. History of the city of Buffalo and Erie County : with illustrations and biographical sketches of some of its prominent men and pioneers. History of Buffalo. Part second. D. Mason & Co. Syracuse, New York. pp. 53 & 54 of 108. Walworth, Reuben Hyde. 1864. Hyde Genealogy: or the descendants, in the female as well as in the male lines, from William Hyde, of Norwich. Vol. 2. J. Munsell. Albany, New York. pp. 1150 & 1151 of 1446. Welch, Samuel M. 1891. Home history: Recollections of Buffalo. Peter Paul & Bro. Buffalo, New York. pp. 295 & 338 of 423. Wilson, James Grant & John Fiske (eds.). 1888. Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. IV. D. Appleton and Company. New York, p. 221 of 768. Martindale, George Ernest (1864 - 1947) George Ernest Martindale (photograph: see p. 11 of Liverpool Post & Mercury. 1926, birthplace Liverpool, England, was one of six children (four daughters and two sons) born to Joseph A. & Mary A. Martindale (Ancestry.com 2022). Joseph taught agriculture science, chemistry, mathematics, and was a school principal (Holmes 1914, decennial censuses at Ancestry.com 2022). Mary was also employed as a teacher for a period of time according to England's census of 1871 (Ancestry.com 2022). Beyond education, Joseph (1837-1914) was a lichenologist and honorary curator of the Kendal Museum herbarium in Cumbria, England (Harvard University 2017, Holmes 1914, Sheppard & Woodhead 1914). Lilian Jones and George Martindale were married in New Brighton, England in September 1905. That union resulted in the births of four children, two daughters and two sons (Ancestry.com 2022). George E. Martindale was listed in the 1881 census as a "pupil teacher" in Hugill Parish, Westmorland County, England and the 1891 census for the same location categorized him as an assistant master (principal) of a secondary school in Westmorland. In 1892 Martindale went to work for the Marine Insurance Company and he lectured on "marine insurance" at the Municipal Evening School of Commerce in Manchester (Manchester Courier 1905). George advanced through the company over the ensuing years and eventually became the secretary to the Board of Directors in 1912. After going through various reorganizations, the company eventually became the Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company, Ltd. and Mr. Martindale retired from the firm in July 1930 (Liverpool Post & Mercury 1930). "A" G.E. Martindale was mentioned frequently in the Liverpool and Manchester newspapers, but the only one that appears to be the subject of this biography is the G.E. Martindale associated with the "Liverpool Philomatic Society". His involvement with the Society began as early as 1898 and continued until he retired and moved out of Liverpool (Liverpool Mercury 1898, Liverpool Post & Mercury 1934). Armsby (2015) listed eight papers published by Martindale on the flora of Westmorland in the late 1800s and two of them were also listed in Roebuck (1891). Martindale also authored a very brief account of the distribution and identification of some Hieracium species (Martindale 1891). George was listed as one of 35 active members of the Watson Botanical Exchange Club (Waller 1885) and his collections are often mentioned in the first volume of the Exchange Club's report. From 1888 through 1894 his professional address was Liverpool College (Cassino 1888-1894). G. E. Martindale is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Carex extensa collected in April 1885 from Arnside, Westmorland, England. Thirty-one additional Martindale specimens may be viewed using the herbariaUnited (2017) database, a few additional specimens are listed in the KEW (2017) herbarium database, and a handful are recorded in the iDigBio specimen database. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. George Ernest Martindale. My Total Family. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Armsby, Allen F. 2015. A provisional bibliography of the naturalists and natural history of Cumbria. Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc. Carlisle, Cumbria, United Kingdom. Cassino, Samuel E. (compiler) 1888-1894. The Naturalists' Directory. S.E. Cassino. Boston, Massachusetts. Harvard University. 2017. Index of botanists. Harvard University Herbarium & Libraries. Cambridge, Massachusetts. herbariaUnited. 2017. herbaria@home. Botanical Soc. of Britain & Ireland. Shirehampton, Bristol, United Kingdom. Holmes, E.M. 1914. Joseph Anthony Martindale (1837 - 1914). Jrnl. Bot., British & Foreign. 52:241-245. KEW. 2017. Herbarium catalogue search. Royal Botanic Garden. Kew, Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom. Liverpool Mercury. 1898. Liverpool Phylomathic Society. Liverpool Mercury. Liverpool, England. p. 10. column 1. November 2, 1898. Liverpool Post & Mercury. 1926. "Q" among the phylomaths. Liverpool Post & Mercury. Liverpool, England. p. 9, column 6 & p. 11, columns 3 & 4. February 17, 1926. Liverpool Post & Mercury. 1930. Company meeting: The Thames and Mersey Marine Insurance Company, Ltd. Liverpool Post & Mercury. Liverpool, England. p. 9, column 6. May 21, 1930. Liverpool Post & Mercury. 1934. Day to day in Liverpool. Liverpool Post & Mercury. Liverpool, England. p. 6, column 1. March 22, 1934. Manchester Courier. 1905. Manchester Education Committee. The Manchester Courier. Manchester, England. p. 1. column 2. November 15, 1905. Martindale, G.E. 1891. Hieracium orarium in Durham and West Yorkshire. The Naturalist. p. 134. Roebuck, William Denison. (ed.) 1891. Bibliography: phanerogamic botany, 1888. The Naturalist p. 197. Sheppard, Thomas & Thomas William Woodhead. (eds.) 1914. Joseph Anthony Martindale (1837 - 1914). The Naturalist pp. 156-159. Waller, A. Rainey. 1885. List of members. Report of the Watson Botanical Exchange Club. 1884-1885. p. 5. Martindale, Isaac Comly (1842 - 1893)
Isaac Martindale (2nd photo here) was born on a farm near Byberry, Pennsylvania (July 1842) to Charles and Phebe Martindale. He attended Quaker schools in that area and first supported himself as a clerk in a Byberry bank. He then moved on to become a cashier for the National State Bank of Camden, New Jersey, and finally Isaac held a similar position at the Camden National Bank in South Camden, until his death (Ancestry.com 2022, Harshberger 1899, JSTOR 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973, Redfield 1893). Apparently Martindale's rural up-bringing served as an incubator to encourage his interest in natural history (e.g. geology & ornithology). Even though his science skills were apparently self-taught, as early as 1860 he was collecting plants and assembling a herbarium from his garden and the area surrounding Byberry (JSTOR 2013, Meehan 1893, Meyer & Elsasser 1973, Prowell 1886, Redfield 1893). Isaac became a member of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia and in his later years assembled a fine collection of Lepidopterans, but the ultimate fate of those butterflies is unknown (Meyer & Elsasser 1973, Redfield 1893). He was a member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia and was also active in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (JSTOR 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973). Though his interests in natural science were diverse, Isaac was most focused on botany. His plant studies blossomed when he moved to the Camden area, became acquainted with fellow botanist Charles F. Parker, and was introduced to the New Jersey pine barrens. Isaac's investigations primarily focused on three things: ballast plants, the flora of the pine barrens, and building his personal herbarium (JSTOR 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973). Brown (1879) described the accumulation of ballast disgorged from ocean-going ships in the ports of New York City and environs, as follows: "At the Atlantic Docks, Brooklyn, and on Gowanus Creek, vessels have for many months past been discharging it without cessation, day and night." But the focus of his paper discussed the plants introduced to shipping ports in the ballast that was dumped. About those plants he wrote, "... most of them will therefore perish after a few seasons, sufficient opportunity will nevertheless be afforded to some, not hitherto reported here, to test their endurance of our climate and to compete with our native growths". Martindale, too, was interested in the plants introduced to the Philadelphia region from foreign lands in the ballast dumped from the ships' holds and/or the species that colonized those disturbed sites (JSTOR 2013, Coulter 1884, Martindale 1876 & 1877, Meyer & Elsasser 1973). In addition to his investigations regarding invasive plants, Martindale became an expert on the flora of the New Jersey pine barrens, which he explored with Charles F. Parker (Britton 1881, Burk 1877, JSTOR 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973) and he investigated marine algae (Martindale 1889). Isaac also ventured into the world of hybridization, when he summarized the known observations of the "Bartram Oak" (Quercus x heterophylla). The oak's origin was pondered as early as 1750 and various individuals scattered in the eastern United States, seemingly of the same or at least similar ancestry, were described and discussed by a number of prominent botanists (Darlington 1849, Martindale 1880). Definitive light was not shed on this Quercus conundrum until the work of Crowl et al. (2020). They concluded that the Bartram oak they investigated, and others by extension, was likely the product of a cross between willow oak (Quercus phellos) and northern red oak (Quercus rubra). Perhaps Martindale's grandest achievement was not one of his publications, but the herbarium he assembled (JStor 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973). Martindale's herbarium was a product of his own collections, which came from not only from the Philadelphia/New Jersey/New York City region, but other states he visited such as Colorado (Martindale 1879), Illinois, Vermont, and Virginia. He also acquired specimens from around the world, via exchange (or purchase) with other botanists and institutions (JSTOR 2013, Meyer & Elsasser 1973). Isaac's primary herbarium goal was to obtain at least one specimen of each plant in North America's flora. To that end his herbarium numbered about 80,000 at the time of his death and, at the time, was exceeded in size only by that assembled by George Englemann in St. Louis. The collection was purchased by the Smith, Kline, & French Company (a pharmaceutical firm) and donated to the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science in 1894. From that time, until it was purchased for the U.S. National Arboretum in 1964, the Martindale herbarium was more-or-less isolated and unused (Meyer & Elsasser 1973). Seven Martindale specimens (six from Pennsylvania and one from Maryland) are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium and a few hundred specimens collected by him are listed in the iDigBio specimen database. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Isaac Comly Martindale. Underwood Ball Denny Wachowski Folger Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Britton, N.L. 1881. A preliminary catalogue of the flora of New Jersey. Geological Survey of New Jersey. New Brunswick, New Jersey. 233 pp. Brown, A. 1879. Ballast plants in and near New York City. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 7:122-126. Burk, Isaac. 1877. List of plants recently collected on the ships' ballast in the neighborhood of Philadelphia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia pp. 105-109. Crowl, Andrew, Ed Bruno, Andrew L. Hipp, and Paul Manos, 2020. Revisiting the mystery of the Bartram Oak. Arnoldia 77(4):6-11. Coulter, John M. 1884. Excursion and entertainment of the botanist at Philadelphia. Bot. Gazette 9:160-165. Darlington, William. 1849. Memorials of John Bartram and Humphrey Marshall. Lindsay & Blakiston. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 585 pp. Harshberger, John W. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. T.C. Davis & Son. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 322-328. JSTOR. 2013. Martindale, Isaac Comly (1842-1893). Academy of Natural Sciences. Drexel University. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Martindale, Isaac C. 1876. The introduction of foreign plants. Bot. Gazette 2:55-58. Martindale, Isaac C. 1877. More about ballast plants. Bot. Gazette 2:127-128. Martindale, Isaac C. 1879. Colorado plants. The Amer. Naturalist 11:675-681. Martindale, Isaac C. 1880. Notes on the Bartram Oak, Quercus heterophylla, Michx. West New Jersey Surveyors' Association. S. Chew, printer. Camden, New Jersey. 23 pp. Martindale, Isaac C. 1889. Marine algae of the New Jersey coast and adjacent waters of Staten Island. Memoirs Torrey Bot. Club. 1:87-111. Meehan, Thomas. (ed.) 1893. Isaac C. Martindale. Meehan's Monthly. 3:31. Meyer, Frederick G. & Susanne Elsasser. 1973. The 19th Century Herbarium of Isaac C. Martindale. Taxon. 22:375-404. Prowell, Geo. R. 1886. The history of Camden County, New Jersey. L.J. Richards and Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pp.337-338 of 767. Redfield, J.H. 1893. Death of Isaac C. Martindale. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 20(3):98-100. Matthew, George Frederic (1837 - 1923) George F. Matthew (photo here) was born in August of 1837 in Saint John, New Brunswick (Canada) to George and Eliza Matthew. George junior's parents had the financial wherewithal to send him to St. John Grammar school supervised by the Trinity Anglican Church, but that was the extent of his formal education (Cassidy 1988, Miller 1987). During his life, Matthew was granted three honorary degrees: an M.A. from the University of New Brunswick (1878), a D.Sc. from Laval University (Quebec, Canada) in 1894, and in 1897 an L.LD. from the University of New Brunswick (Miller & Buhay 2012). Matthew began gainful employment at the age of sixteen with the provincial treasury department in 1853, which merged with the federal customs department. He moved up through the ranks of the Saint John customs office, ultimately rose to the position of Chief Clerk & Surveyor, and remained employed there until he retired in 1915 (Miller 1987 & 2005). George augmented his brief traditional education, with a more or less self-taught program in geology, but that interest in earth history didn't formally surface until 1857, when he and a few friends established the Steinhammer Club. That group, whose intentions were to study the geological formations near St. John, eventually morphed into the Natural History Society of New Brunswick (in 1862) and it successfully promoted interest in the overall natural history of the region. Matthew maintained an affiliation with the group throughout his geology career as he served as the Society's curator, librarian, president, and leading geologist/paleontologist. Stonehammer Geopark, just inland from the Bay of Fundy, was named after the Steinhammer Club in recognition of the investigations that Matthew and other members of the group completed there (Cassidy 1988, Miller 1987, Miller & Buhay 1988 & 2012). Matthew's geological/paleontological career had a wide reach, but in large part Matthew did not venture far from his home in Saint John to work, and fittingly, his first publication was entitled "Observations on the Geology of St. John County, New Brunswick" (Matthew 1863). He investigated the flora and fauna of the Fern Ledges fossil beds discovered just west of St. John by the Steinhammer Club and Matthew studied the Cambrian fossils of eastern Canada (Matthew 1889 & 1892, Miller 2005, Miller & Buhay 2012). He assisted with the geological mapping of New Brunswick and during the 1864-1880 period he co-authored numerous geological maps and reports about New Brunswick in conjunction with the Geological Survey of Canada. He performed paleontological investigations for the Survey in British Columbia, Cape Breton Island, and Newfoundland (Miller & Buhay 2012). An overview of the investigations published by Matthew may be surveyed in Google Scholar (2017) and Ockerbloom (2016). George Matthew was not only a founding member of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick (Matthew 1912, Miller & Buhay 1988 & 2012), but he maintained an active role in the society during his life. Between 1882 and 1909, the issues of the Society's bulletin are replete with references to Matthew's administrative, research, and/or specimen collection activities (NFSNB 1882-1909). In addition to geoscience, Matthew was interested in archaeology (see Matthew 1884) and botany (e.g. Matthew 1869), as evidenced by the 2000+ specimen herbarium he donated in 1884 to the Natural History Society of New Brunswick (Cassidy 1988, Hay 1884). Twenty-one specimens collected by G.F. Matthew in New Brunswick, Canada are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. A few additional collections made by Matthew may be reviewed via the iDigBio database. ....... Cassidy, Gerald J. 1988. George Frederic Matthew: invertebrate paleontologist. Geosci. Canada. 15:157-162. Google Scholar. 2017. George F. Matthew. Google Scholar publication search results. Hay, G.U. (ed.) 1884. Report of the botanical committee, with additions to the New Brunswick flora. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick. 3:30-36. Matthew, G.F. 1863. Observations on the Geology of St. John County, New Brunswick. Canadian Nat. & Geol. 8:241-259. Matthew, G.F. 1869. On the occurrence of Arctic and western plants in continental Acadia. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick 8:30 pp. Matthew, G.F. 1884. Discoveries at a Village of the Stone Age at Bocabec, New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. of New Brunswick. 3:6-29. Matthew, G.F. 1889. On Cambrian organisms in Acadia. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada. pp. 135-162. Matthew, G.F. 1892. Notes on Cambrian faunas. Canadian Record Sci. pp. 247-258. Matthew, G. F. 1912. Matthew, George Frederic. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick. 30:457-474. Miller, Randall F. 1987. Matthew, George Frederic (1837 - 1923). in Trace fossils, small shelly fossils, and the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary. New York State Museum/Geological Survey. Bull. 463. pp. 4-7 of 81. Miller, Randall F. 2005. Matthew, George Frederic. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Vol. 15. University of Toronto. Universite Laval. Miller, Randall & Diane Buhay. 1988. The Steinhammer Club: Geology and a foundation for a natural history society in New Brunswick. GeoScience Canada 15(3):221-226. Miller, Randall & Diane Buhay. 2012. George Frederic Matthew. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Anthony Wilson-Smith, Publisher. NFSNB (Natural History Society of New Brunswick). 1882-1909. Bulletin of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. St. John, New Brunswick. Ockerbloom, John Mark (ed.). 2016. Online Books by G. F. Matthew (Matthew, G. F. (George Frederick), 1837-1923). The Online Books Page. University of Pennsylvania Libraries. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. McFarland, Frank Theodore (1886 - 1974) Frank T. McFarland (photo here) was born in Delaware County, Ohio to Samuel and Rebecca McFarland. Frank was the eldest of five children in the McFarland family, three boys and two girls (Ancestry.com 2022). Frank earned his B.S. from the College of Agriculture at Ohio State University in 1912 (Brown 1964, Morrill 1922, Ohio State University 1912) and taught at the University of Michigan's Douglas Lake biological station in 1914 and 1915. He earned his M.S. from the University of Michigan in 1916 and went on to receive the Ph.D. in 1921 from the University of Wisconsin, where his research focused on the genus Claviceps (Brown 1964; Gleason & McFarland 1914; McFarland 1916a, 1921a&b; Shaw 1951; University of Wisconsin 1922). He joined the botany department at the University of Kentucky in 1912 as a plant pathologist. Frank was an instructor during his first year in Lexington, then served as an assistant professor from 1913 through 1920, and he then became an associate professor (1920-1922). Dr. McFarland was selected to chair the University's botany department in 1922 (Brown 1964, Morrill 1922). A year after Frank joined the University of Kentucky staff, Leona Moody accepted his proposal of marriage. The couple had four children, two daughters and two sons — only two of whom survived past infancy (Ancestry.com 2022). On the staff at the University of Kentucky, Frank accepted as part of his appointment the curatorship of the department's herbarium. Though the herbarium was established in about 1878, it had grown little during the intervening 30-plus years. McFarland (1916b) reported that the herbarium housed 3157 specimens that had been collected between 1832 and 1835 by Dr. Robert Peter and Dr. Charles W. Short. His report went on to state that the herbarium held only 4106 specimens in total, a meager increase of about 950 sheets during the intervening 38 years (McFarland 1916b). Frank turned out to be a dedicated curator and a committed supervisor of graduate students. During his tenure at the University of Kentucky, Dr. McFarland oversaw a number of master's degree students whose work varied from studies of ferns, grasses, or composites to floristic investigations of a particular county (Brown 1964, Jones 2005). Voucher specimens required for such investigations were quickly added to the herbarium, so that by the late 1940s, the herbarium was estimated to hold in the neighborhood of 25,000 specimens (Jones 2005, Meijer 1988). That growth led to the publication of "A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Kentucky" (McFarland 1942), which listed "1702 species, varieties, and forms" of plants present in the state (McFarland 1942). Tragically in November of 1948 fire destroyed the entire University of Kentucky Herbarium, save those specimens out on loan (Meijer 1988). The collection has since been rebuilt to include over 50,000 vascular plant specimens (Paratley 2016). In 1917 Dr. McFarland and some of his students began assembling an arboretum on the University of Kentucky campus. Their goals were to enhance the character of the campus and to provide a wide variety of living material for study by students of botany (Breckinridge 1917). In 1922 Professor McFarland again enlisted the help of students to establish a different type of outdoor plant laboratory on campus. This time a variety of herbaceous and woody species were added to the existing botanical garden to enhance the use of the facility by botany students (Lexington Herald Company 1922). McFarland is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by a single specimen of Helianthus decapetalus he collected in Harlan County, Kentucky in July of 1949. Additional collections made by Dr. McFarland, primarily from Kentucky, may be scanned via the iDigBio specimen database. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Frank Theodore McFarland. Moody Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Breckinridge, Desha. (ed.) 1917. Arboretum to transform U. of K. campus into open-air laboratory. The Lexington Herald. Lexington, Kentucky. p. 12. columns 6-8. May 16, 1917. Brown, Edward T. 1964. Botany in Kentucky since 1914. Trans. Kentucky Acad. Sci. 25:77-82. Gleason, Henry Allan and Frank Theodore McFarland. 1914. The Introduced Vegetation in the Vicinity of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 41:511-521. Jones, Ronald L. 2005. Plant life of Kentucky. University of Kentucky Press. Lexington, Kentucky. pp. 80-81 of 834. Lexington Herald Company. 1922. Botanical gardens at university will contain rare specimens from Kentucky and surrounding region. The Lexington Herald. Lexington, Kentucky. section 2. pp. 1 & 9. October 15, 1922. McFarland, Frank T. 1916a. The Ferns and Their Distribution at Douglas Lake, Michigan. Amer. Fern Jrnl. 6:106-112. McFarland, Frank T. 1916b. The Dr. Robert Peter Herbarium of the University of Kentucky. Science 44:72. McFarland, F. T. 1921a. Infection experiments with Claviceps. Phytopathology 11:41-42. McFarland, Frank T. 1921b. Studies in the genus Claviceps. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. McFarland, Frank T. 1942. A catalogue of the vascular plants of Kentucky. Castanea 7:77-108. Meijer, Willem. 1988. University of Kentucky herbarium history, part II. Kentucky Native Plant Soc. 3:9-11. Morrill, J.L. 1922. Class Personals. Ohio State University Monthly 13:41. Ohio State University. 1912. Alumni and former student register (1878-1912). The Ohio State University Bulletin. Publ. by the University. Volume 17. pp. 32 & 251 of 465. Paratley, Robert. 2016. University of Kentucky herbarium. University of Kentucky. Department of Forestry. Lexington, Kentucky. Shaw, Wilfred B. (ed.) 1951. The University of Michigan: An encyclopedic survey. Part 4 - The summer session. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Michigan. pp. 767 of 1034. University of Wisconsin. 1922. University of Wisconsin Catalogue. 1921-22. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 477 of 785. Mead, Samuel Barnum (1799 - 1880) Samuel Mead (photo here) was born in October of 1799 in Greenwich, Connecticut to Jonathon and Martha (née Barnum) Mead (Ancestry.com 2022, Gregg 1880, Kibbe 1953, Mead 1901). He and the showman Phineas T. Barnum were cousins as they shared the same great-grandparents, Ephraim Barnum (1710-1775) and Mehetabel (Starr) Barnum (1712-1782) (WikiTree 2018). Dr. Mead married Arietta Purdy in Westchester County, New York in January 1822 and they raised five children. Arietta perished in 1865 and a year later Samuel married Martha Putnam in April. A little over a year after their nuptials, Sarah Arethusa Mead (aka "Miss Birdie") was born to Samuel and Martha (Ancestry.com 2022, labs2006 2013, Moorehouse 2009). Samuel spent his first 15 years on the family farm near Greenwich, where he received a public education (Gregg 1880). At about age 15, Sam left the farm, enrolled at Yale College (New Haven, Connecticut), and graduated in 1820 with a B.A. (Gregg 1890, Robinson et al. 1841, JSTOR 2013). Mead taught at the academy in New Salem, New York after earning his bachelor's degree and attended medical lectures at a medical college in New York City during his summer break. Though it has been reported by some authors that Mead earned a medical degree from Yale College, that does not appear to be accurate, but he did earn the M.D. from the aforementioned medical school (name unknown) in New York City in 1824. Dr. Mead began his medical career in Greenwich, but in 1833 he and his wife, Arietta, moved on to Rushville, Illinois and then to "Oliver's Settlement" (present-day Augusta), where he set up another medical practice (Gregg 1880, Kibbe 1953, Yale College 1881). Dr. Mead continued to see patients until 1860, a 37-year period during which he was an active member of the community. His family's log cabin was the first built in Augusta and Dr. Samuel Mead was appointed "Surgeon Mate" of the Hancock County Militia. He served as the Postmaster in Augusta for 17 years and even maintained a record of weather conditions, which were submitted to the Smithsonian Institution (Gregg 1880). Mead continued to be active, apparently with "Birdie's" assistance, until age 81. It was then that he succumbed to injuries sustained, when he fell out of an apple tree (Coulter & Coulter 1880, Moorehouse 2009). Mead's publication history is limited to a couple of plant lists (Mead 1831 & 1846), but his plant collecting history is quite a different story. It was there in Hancock County that he did much of his plant prospecting in search of materia medica for the treatment of his patients and to fulfill his aspiration to assemble a herbarium that included every species of plant found in Illinois (Kibbe 1953). Samuel's Illinois plant collections were acknowledged repeatedly by Alphonso Wood (1848) in "A class-book of botany", by George Vasey (1861) in "Additions to the flora of Illinois", and by Harry Patterson (1876) in "Flora of Illinois". Mead's plant collecting in the 1840s led to a milkweed, that he identified as Asclepias cordata. He had, in fact, found a threatened prairie plant known today as Mead's Milkweed and to honor the collector, Asa Gray named the plant Asclepias meadii (Gray 1856, JSTOR 2013). Similarly, Carex meadii was first collected by Dr. Mead near Augusta and was named in his honor by Chester Dewey (Dewey 1842). Mead exchanged specimens with botanists such as Asa Gray, George Engelmann, Thomas J. Hale, Henry W. Ravenel, Ferdinand Lindheimer, and others (Coulter & Coulter 1880, Kibbe 1953), which, coupled with his own collections, resulted in a personal herbarium of 12,000-15,000 specimens, that became part of the herbarium of Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois (JSTOR 2013). Five plant specimens S.B. Mead collected in Illinois are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium and additional plants collected by him are listed in the SEINet and iDigBio databases. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Samuel Barnum Mead. Chelsea Wells Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Coulter, John M. & M.S. Coulter. (eds.) 1880. Death of an old botanist. Bot. Gazette 5:150. Dewey, C. 1842. Caricography. Amer. Jrnl. Sci. & Arts 43:90. Gray, Asa. 1856. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. 2nd edition. George P. Putnam & Company. New York. p. 704 of 739. Gregg, Th. [sic] 1880. History of Hancock County, Illinois. Chas. C. Chapman & Co. pp. 522-523 of 1036. JSTOR. 2013. Mead, Samuel Barnum (1798-1880). Global Plants. Kibbe, Alice L. 1953. Afield with plant lovers and collectors. Carthage College. Carthage, Illinois. pp. 301-320 of 565. labs2006. 2013. Dr Samuel Barnum Mead. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Mead, Samuel Barnum. 1831. A catalogue of plants growing spontaneously in the vicinity of North-Salem Academy - Part 1. Ann. Rep. Regents Univ. New York. 1831: pp. 89-97. & Part 2 (1832): p. 101. Mead, S.B. 1846. Catalogue of plants. Growing spontaneously in the state of Illinois, the principal part near August, Hancock County. The Prairie Farmer. 6:35-36, 60, 93, 119-122. Mead, Spencer P. 1901. History and genealogy of the Mead family of Fairfield County, Connecticut, eastern New York, western Vermont, and western Pennsylvania, from A.D. 1180 to 1900. Knickerbocker Press. New York City, New York. p.374 of 471. Moorehouse, Angella K. 2009. Botanical legends from western Illinois. The Harbinger. Illinois Native Plant Society. 25(4):7-9. Patterson, Harry N. 1876. Catalogue of phaenogamous and vascular cryptogamous plants of Illinois: Native and introduced. Spectator Print. Oqauwka, Illinois. 54 pp. Robinson, W.E, R.W. Wright, Geo. Northrop, & Jacob Story. (Publ. Committee). 1841. Catalogue of the Society of Brothers in Unity. Yale College. New Haven, Connecticut. p. 53 of 83. Vasey, George. 1861. Additions to the flora of Illinois. Trans. Illinois Nat. Hist. Soc. 1:139-143. WikiTree. 2018. Phineas Taylor Barnum (1810 - 1891) and Samuel Barnum Mead. WikiTree: The Free Family Tree. Wood, Alphonso. 1848. A class-book of botany. Crocker & Brewster. Claremont, New Hampshire. p. 5 (& many others) of 645. Yale College. 1881. Obituary record of the graduates of Yale College. Tuttle, Morehouse, & Taylor. New Haven, Connecticut. p.10 of 60.
Thomas Meehan (2nd photo here), the eldest of Edward and Sarah Meehan's twelve children, was born March 21, 1826 at Potter's Bar near London, England (Ancestry.com 2022). Edward was head gardener on the estate of Lady Catherine Vernon Harcourt and Colonel Francis Vernon Harcourt on the Isle of Wight (Meehan 1882), so it was there that Thomas spent most of his childhood. He received some education via tutoring from his mother and attended a formal school for a couple of years (ages ten to twelve), but the youth then went to work for his father on the Harcourt estate. During the years that followed, he was more-or-less self-educated, save his participation in a study group composed of young men pursuing interests in botany, chemistry, languages, and mathematics (Meehan 1909, Oberle 1997). In April of 1846 Meehan left for London to further his horticulture skills via an educational program at Kew Gardens. Because Meehan refused to denounce a blue-collar workers movement in England for voting and other political rights, he and Sir William Hooker (Kew's director) were not on the best of terms. Thomas was often assigned less-than-desirable duties in an attempt to coerce him to seek employment elsewhere. Regardless, Meehan persevered, spent a bit over two years at Kew, and received his training program diploma on the 1st of March in 1848. Three weeks later he set foot on American soil in New York (Jordan 1914, Harshberger 1899, Meehan 1909). Prior to leaving London, Meehan had obtained a position as nursery foreman working for Robert Buist in Philadelphia. He stayed in the employ of Buist until 1850 (about a year), when he went to work for Andrew Eastwick. While in the employ of Eastwick, Thomas supervised the restoration of John Bartram's botanic garden/arboretum (part of Eastwick's estate) on the western shore of the Schuylkill River near Philadelphia. By 1853, Meehan had moved to Philadelphia and had established a nursery business, with partner William Sanders, at two locations (three acres of land in the Germantown neighborhood and another parcel in Ambler, Pennsylvania). The nursery, specializing in trees and shrubs native to America, did well, but the partnership lasted only until 1855. Though the Civil War, the economic difficulties that resulted in the Panic of 1873 (Klitgaard & Narron 2016), and the subsequent depression decimated some parts of the nursery trade, Meehan Nursery survived (Jordan 1914, Harshberger 1899, Meehan 1909, Oberle 1997, Olcott 1894). The business became Thomas Meehan and Sons, reflecting the addition of his three sons to the operation, and continued operation until 1922 (Baxter 1922). Meehan's personal accomplishments were not limited to his nursery business. He edited the Gardener's Monthly and Horticulturist from 1859 to 1887 and founded Meehan's Monthly in 1891, which remained in publication until 1902. Thomas published extensively on a variety of topics such as, pollination biology, plant physiology, hybridization, and evolution (e.g. Meehan 1853, 1871, 1891, 1897, 1898), in periodicals like the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Meehan's Monthly, The Gardener's Monthly, and others (BioStor 2016, Fry 2010, Google Scholar 2017, Oberle 1997 [see examples below]). Meehan was an active member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society and served as the state botanist for Pennsylvania. As a member of various civic groups, he helped establish a number of public parks and public schools in Philadelphia (Clute 1901, Harshberger 1899, Meehan 1909). Archival material documenting much of Thomas Meehan's career is housed at the Germantown Historical Society (Anderson 2016). Based upon the specimen records available through the iDigBio and SEINet databases, Meehan expanded his plant collecting beyond the Philadelphia area in the 1870s. Specimens he collected from Arizona (1981), California (1896), Colorado (1871 & 1873), Kansas (1873 & 1878), Missouri (1871), and Utah (1873) are present. Three plant specimens collected in the 1870s by Thomas Meehan in Colorado reside in the Putnam Museum herbarium. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Thomas P. Meehan. Shaw Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Anderson, Jeannette Meehan (creator). 2016. Jeannette Meehan Anderson collection on Thomas Meehan (1890-1994). Germantown Historical Society. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Baxter, Samuel Newman. 1922. The passing of an old nursery site. The National Nurseryman. 30:339-340. BioStor. 2016. Search results for author: Thomas Meehan. Articles from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Clute, Willard N. (ed.) 1901. Death of Thomas Meehan. The Amer. Botanist 1:88-89. Fry, Joel T. 2010. John Bartram house and garden. Historic American landscapes survey. National Park Service. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar. 2017. Thomas Meehan. Google Scholar publication search results. Harshberger, John W. 1899. The botanists of Philadelphia and their work. T.C. Davis & Son. Philadelphia, PA. pp. 249-256. Jordan, John W. 1914. Encyclopedia of Pennsylvania Biography. Volume 3. Lewis Historical Publishing Company. New York. pp. 595-596 of 650. Klitgaard, Thomas & James Narron. 2016. Crisis Chronicles: The Long Depression and the Panic of 1873. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Liberty Street Economics. WebLog. Meehan, Thomas. 1853. The American handbook of ornamental trees. Lippincott, Grambo, and Company. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 257 pp. pp. 797-801 of 1073. Meehan, Thomas. 1871. On the stipules of Magnolia and Liriodendron. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7:69-72. Meehan, Thomas. (ed.) 1882. Edward Meehan. The gardeners monthly and horticulturist. 24(288):380-381. Meehan, Thomas. 1891. Contributions to the life-histories of plants. No. VI. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 43:269-283. Meehan, Thomas. 1897. Contributions to the life-histories of plants. No. XII. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 49:169-203. Meehan, Thomas. 1898. The Plants of Lewis and Clark's Expedition across the Continent, 1804-1806 . Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 50:12-49. Meehan, W.E. 1909. Meehan, Thomas. in L.H. Bailey (ed.). Cyclopedia of American Agriculture. Volume 4. The MacMillan Company, New York. pp. 797-801 of 1073. Oberle, Stephanie Ginsberg. 1997. The influence of Thomas Meehan on horticulture in the United States. Master of Science Thesis. University of Delaware. Newark, Delaware. 75 pp. Olcott, Ralph T. (ed.) 1894. The tariff discussion. Proc. 19th Annual Meeting American Assoc. in The National Nurseryman. 2:74, 77-79. Meints, Arthur R. (1894 - 1980) Arthur Rock Meints (photo here) and his twin brother Claus, the first of Henry and Wilhelmina Meints' seven children, were born on March 8, 1894 in the vicinity of Dixon, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2022, Mahoney 2010, WPA 2017). Arthur completed grammar school classes, but it does not appear that he earned a high school diploma (Davenport Democrat & Leader 1904, Hardman 1908). In 1913 Arthur participated in the corn and livestock judging competition at Iowa State College (Corey 1914); he was also a member of the Allen's Grove Farmers' Club (Hardman 1913). In 1917 Meints completed a 2-year agriculture program at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa (Gay 1972, Iowa State College 1916 & 1917) and he published a supportive article describing the program in one of the Scott County newspapers (Meints 1917). In 1920 Arthur was listed as a 25-year-old living on the family farm in Allen's Grove Township, Scott County, Iowa (Engel 1920). Meints married Elly Cacilie Kuehl in 1930 (Ancestry.com 2022, Leysen 1930) and they farmed 240 acres of land near Dixon, Iowa in section 32 of Allens Grove Township, Scott County, Iowa (Hixson 1930, Leysen 1939). The family ultimately came to own five farms encompassing 1400 acres and they maintained a full-time farming operation until Arthur's retirement in 1942. Arthur employed a strong conservation ethic while farming and served as an administrator with the Scott County Conservation Commission. He was member of the Scott County Farm Bureau, the Isaac Walton League, and the Black Hawk Hiking Club (Gay 1972, Mahoney 2010). Fifty-six plant specimens (some bearing a collection date of 1915) that were collected by Meints are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Habitat data are included with some specimens, but location data are absent. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Arthur Rock Meints. Huckfeldt Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Corey, Arthur R. 1914. Iowa Year Book of Agriculture. Iowa Dept. Ag. 1913. Rupert Henderson: state printer. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 314. Davenport Democrat & Leader. 1904. These pupils made good grades. Davenport Democrat & Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 6. column 3. July 14, 1904. Engel, Emil H. (enumerator) 1920. 1920 Federal Census. in Polly Eckles. Scott County Genealogy. Iowa Dept. Ag. 1913. Rupert Henderson: state printer. Des Moines, Iowa. p. 314. Gay, Julie. 1972. Zestful 78: 5 farms to tend. Times-Democrat. Davenport-Bettendorf, Iowa. p. 23. column 7. May 10, 1972. Hardman, J.E. (ed.) 1908. Donahue. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 14. column 4. June 17, 1908. Hardman, J.E. (ed.) 1913. Donahue. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 16. column 5. November 25, 1913. Hixson, W.W. (publisher) 1930. Plat map of Scott County, Iowa - Allens Grove Township. W.W. Hixson and Co. Rockford, Illinois. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1930. Marriage licenses. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 4. column 4. June 7, 1930. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1939. Farms are divided among children by Henry Meints will. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 7. column 7. January 14, 1939. Iowa State College. 1916. College Directory. Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Art. Ames, Iowa. 14:53. Iowa State College. 1917. General catalogue (1917-1918). Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Art. Ames, Iowa. 15:474 & 492. Mahoney, Jeanette Carlin. 2010. Arthur R. Meints. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Meints, Arthur. 1917. An investment that will pay. The Davenport Record & Leader. p. 11. column 4. January 7, 1917. WPA. 2017. Meints, Henry Joseph. WPA - Works Progress Administration 1930's grave registration survey. IAGenWeb Project. Melhus, Irving E. (1881 - 1969) Irving E. Melhus (photo here) was born to Ole and Inger Melhus in Creston, Illinois (April 1881) and grew up in Ellsworth, Iowa. He earned the Bachelor of Science degree in 1906 from Iowa State College and then taught high school for a year in Burlington, Iowa. Melhus was offered an assistantship in the botany department of the University of Wisconsin, where he earned the Ph.D. in plant pathology in 1912 (Cattell & Brimhall 1921, Iowa State University 2009, Wallin 1972). While living in Iowa, Irving met Elizabeth Williamson and the couple exchanged marriage vows in Des Moines, Iowa the day after Christmas in 1907. Elizabeth and Irving raised two daughters. Their elder daughter, Sarah, was born in Wisconsin in about 1912 and their younger daughter, Janet, was born in Iowa in about 1917 (Ancestry.com 2023). Dr. Melhus left Wisconsin to investigate potato diseases with the USDA's Bureau of Plant Industry. Four years later Melhus returned to Ames, Iowa as a faculty member at Iowa State University and eventually replaced Louis Pammel as chair of the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology (a position he retained for 16 years). In 1946 he resigned from the department chair position to organize and direct the college's Guatemala Tropical Research Center in Antigua, Guatemala (Iowa State University 2009, Lewis 2006). In 1943, the Earl May Seed Company began funding research at Iowa State College that focused on corn and its relatives native to Mexico, Central America, and South America. The company was interested in finding traits in a modern corn progenitor that could be used to generate a new hybrid with better yield potential in the United States. The funding agreement led to the creation of the aforementioned Iowa State College-Guatemala Tropical Research Center (Iowa State University 2009 & 2014). Under Melhus' oversight the Research Center's core investigations dealt with developing a better understanding of Guatemala's native food plants. Melhus focused on the search for traits in teosinte (ancestral corn) that could be incorporated in and have a positive impact on modern corn. His research led to significant improvements in corn grown in Guatemala, Indonesia, and the United States (Iowa State University 2009 & 2014, Wallin 1972). He is honored yet today with the I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium funded by the American Phytopathological Society Foundation. The annual symposium highlights the research accomplished by graduate students in plant pathology (American Phytopathological Society 2016). During his career, Melhus (1936) published "Native ferns of Iowa", which was geared towards high school age students and a lay audience. He was awarded U.S. Patent 2,007,433 in 1931 for a furfural/hydrocarbon mixture characterized as "a liquid product which may be readily sprayed on weeds and grasses as a herbicide, but which will have no injurious effect on the soil in subsequent cultivation (Melhus 1931)." Dr. Melhus co-authored a plant pathology textbook (Melhus & Kent 1939) and completed research on the diseases of a variety of crops such as corn, oats, onions, potatoes, and watermelons. He was particularly (though not exclusively) interested in the control of subsurface pathogens to improve crop productivity (Google Scholar 2017, Iowa State University 2009, Wallin 1972). Melhus collected a single specimen of Cirsium arvense near Clarion, Iowa that is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Other specimens listing I.E. Melhus as collector or co-collector may be viewed using the SEINet or iDigBio database ....... American Phytopathological Society. 2016. I. E. Melhus Graduate Student Symposium. American Phytopathological Society Foundation. Ancestry.com. 2023. Irving E. Melhus. Rhonna Jones Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Cattell, J. McKeen & Dean R. Brimhall. (eds.) 1921. American men of science; a biographical directory. 3rd edition. The Science Press. Garrison, New York. p. 465 of 808. Google Scholar. 2017. Irving E. Melhus. Google Scholar publication search results. Iowa State University. 2009. Irving E. Melhus (1881-1969) Papers, 1906-2002, n.d.. Special Collections and University Archives. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Iowa State University. 2014. Iowa State College-Guatemala Tropical Research Center. Special Collections and University Archives. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Lewis, Deb. 2006. ISC Timeline. Ada Hayden Herbarium. Iowa State University. Ames, Iowa. Melhus, Irving E. 1931. Patent 2,007,433: Herbicide. United States Patent and Trademark Office. Alexandria, Virginia. Melhus, Irving E. 1936. Native ferns of Iowa. Iowa State College. Extension Service. Circ. No. 225. The Macmillan Company. New York. 52 pp. Melhus, Irving E. & George C. Kent. 1939. Elements of plant pathology. The Macmillan Company. New York. 493 pp. Wallin, Jack R. 1972. Irving E. Melhus 1881-1969. Phytopath. 62:391. Melville, Naomi Earhart (1874 - 1897) Naomi Melville (photo here), the daughter of Julien H. and Martha E. Melville (Ancestry.com 2022, Chloe 2011, Sharon 2011a,b,&c), attended grammar school in Davenport, Iowa. She was an 1891 graduate of Davenport High School (Cook 1897, Labath 2012) and began her education to become a teacher at the Davenport Training School. Naomi enrolled at the University of Wisconsin, where she was the treasurer of the Laurea literary society during her freshman year and treasurer of the Woman's League during her senior year. Ms. Melville earned her Bachelor of Letters degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1897, where her senior thesis was titled "The influence of Plautus on Moliere" (Cook 1897, Lattis pers. comm. Loeb 1907, Schmidtman 1897, Thwaites 1900, University of Wisconsin 1898). Ms. Melville accepted a position as assistant principal of the public schools at Bangor, Wisconsin, which is about 15 miles northeast of LaCrosse (Cook 1897, Loeb 1907). Naomi perished November 15, 1897 in Bangor, when she and a friend, en route to the local post office, attempted to dash across a Chicago, Milwaukee, & St. Paul Railroad right-of-way. Naomi's companion, Jennie Temby, successfully negotiated the crossing and was uninjured, but Ms. Melville was struck by the freight train's locomotive and perished from her injuries (Fontaine 1897, Jones 1897). Edward Decker (class of 1891), Edwin Farber (class of 1892), Naomi Melville (class of 1891), Emma Peck (class of 1887), Inez Rabell (class of 1888), John Randall (class of 1886), Anna Richter (class of 1890), and Edith Ross (class of 1886) were Davenport High School graduates (Labath 2012) whose herbarium specimens are preserved at the Putnam Museum. Evidently during the 1880s and 1890s at least some Davenport High School seniors completed science projects that involved assembling a personal herbarium. In excess of three hundred specimens collected by Ms. Melville are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Those specimens were acknowledged in the foreword of Guldner's (1960) text and her specimens were cited as vouchers throughout his manuscript. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Naomi Eloesae Melville. Melville Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Cook, S.D. (ed.) 1897. Miss Naomi E. Melville. The Davenport Republican. Davenport, Iowa. p. 6. column 6. November 17, 1897. Chloe. 2011. Julien Hobard Melvill(e). (Father of Naomi) Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Fontaine, A.L. 1897. Death of Miss Melville. Wood County Reporter. Grand Rapids, Wisconsin. p. 3. column 6. November 25, 1897. Guldner, Ludwig F. 1960. The vascular plants of Scott and Muscatine Counties. Publ. in botany. Davenport Public Museums. No. 1. Jones, J.E. (ed.) 1897. Death of Miss Melville. Portage Daily Democrat. Portage, Wisconsin. p. 4. column 5. November 22, 1897. Labath, Cathy (coordinator). 2012. Scott County: Iowa School Records . IAGenWeb Project. Davenport High School Class Listings. Lattis, Tony. (pers. comm.) 2023. University Archives and Records Management. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. Loeb, Max. (compiler) 1907. General catalogue of the officers and graduates of the University of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 187 of 658. Schmidtman, John C. (ed.). 1897. The '98 Badger. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 56 & 65. Sharon. 2011a. Martha Earhart Melville. (Mother of Naomi.) Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Sharon. 2011b. Naomi Eloesae Melville. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Sharon. 2011c. Robert Earhart Melville. (Brother of Naomi.) Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Thwaites, Reuben Gold. (ed.) 1900. The University of Wisconsin: it's history and it's alumni. J.N. Purcell. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 812 of 889. Schmidtman, John C. (ed.). 1897. The '98 Badger. University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. pp. 56 & 65. University of Wisconsin. 1898. Catalogue of The University of Wisconsin (1897-98). University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin. p. 306 of 372. Merchant, Milton F. (1857 - 1927) M.F. Merchant was born to Gurdon and Ellen Merchant in Cayuga County, New York in September of 1857. There were four children in the family (Ancestry.com 2022, Black 1930b, dmiller 2020, Justensen 2016). When Milton was twelve years old, the family moved to Dresserville, New York and there he stayed until 1872. He began his high school studies at Moravia Union High School and later finished about 30 miles north at Auburn High School. Following graduation from Auburn, Merchant studied medicine under the supervision of Dr. D. H. Armstrong (in Auburn) and then after one year he enrolled in the medical school at the State University of Iowa. Milton studied under the supervision of otolaryngologist Dr. C. M. Hobby (Black 1930b) and graduated from the State University of Iowa in March 1879 (Dickey & Hough 1879, Ogle 1900). Dr. Merchant then returned to New York where he established a practice in the Finger Lakes region of New York (Summer Hill). He spent only a year at Summer Hill and then moved his practice to Moravia, where he stayed until 1887 (Atwood 1879, Black 1930b, Ogle 1900). For some reason, in 1887 Merchant left the Finger Lakes region and set up a medical practice in Ellendale, North Dakota (Ogle 1900, Polk 1902). He was elected vice-president of North Dakota State Medical Society in 1890 (Black 1930b, Ogle 1900) and in 1898 Dr. Merchant used a relatively new antitoxin to successfully combat an outbreak of diphtheria in Ellendale (Smith 1898). But, Dr. Merchant's interests and community involvement reached well beyond the field of medicine. He was elected vice-president of North Dakota State Medical Society in 1890, served as director for the Ellendale Roller Mills Company, held the position of county coroner for several years, and occupied various other community positions. Dr. Merchant purchased two livestock ranches in Dickey County, established a residence on one for his parents, and raised hundreds of Angus, Hereford, and Durham cattle (Black 1930b, Ellis & Buxton 1889, Ogle 1900, Wright 1904). The North Dakota Constitutional Convention of 1889 established an Industrial School and School for Manual Training in Ellendale. That decision stipulated a land grant of 40,000 acres of public ground for the institution and in 1893 the state's legislature passed a law authorizing a three-person board of trustees to supervise the school's operation. Dr. M. F. Merchant, by then a citizen of Ellendale, was one of the people appointed to the board (Black 1930a). Merchant served on the Board of Trustees until 1897 (Black 1930b, Merchant et al. 1894), but the economic crash of 1893 (Klitgaard & Narron 2016) in the United States forced the postponement of the school's construction and the institution did not open its doors to students until September 1899 (Goddard 2022, Smith 2010a&b, Whitten 2001). Dr. Merchant remained in the community at least until 1908, when he was listed as a licensed physician and the city health officer for Ellendale (Grassick 1910). Dr. Merchant does not seem to have been particularly devoted to botany, but his collection of Mitchella repens from the Moravia, New York area was cited by Bissell (1911). Another sixteen specimens Merchant collected from New York were in the Charles W. Irish herbarium that is now part of the Putnam Museum collection. Only one other specimen of his is recorded in the SEINet database. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Milton F. Merchant. It Stemms from Stamms. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Atwood, C.A. (ed.) 1879. Medical Department. University Reporter. State Univ. Iowa. October 1879. 12:8. Bissell, C.H. 1911. Notes on Connecticut plants. Rhodora 13:30-33. Black, R.M. (ed.) 1930a. The State Normal and Industrial School. in Trails to the Past Dickey County North Dakota. Dickey County Historical Society. Black, R.M. (ed.) 1930b. Dickey County North Dakota biographies. in Trails to the Past Dickey County North Dakota. Dickey County Historical Society. Dickey, Charles A. & Emerson Hough. (eds.) 1879. Medical Department. University Reporter. State Univ. Iowa. March 1879. 11:71. dmiller. 2020. Milton Floyd Merchant. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Ellis & Buxton. (eds.) 1889. County officials. Oakes Weekly Republican. Oakes, Dakota Territory. p. 1. column 1. February 15, 1889. Goddard, Connie. 2022. The history of Ellendale's Industiral and Training School. Prairie Public Broadcasting. Bismark and Fargo, North Dakota. July 6, 2022. Justensen, Chad. 2016. Gurdon Merchant. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Klitgaard, Thomas & James Narron. 2016. Crisis Chronicles: Gold, Deflation, and the Panic of 1893. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Liberty Street Economics. WebLog. Ogle, Geo. A (publ.) 1900. Compendium of history and biography of North Dakota. Geo. A. Ogle & Co. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 507-508 of 1410. Merchant, M.F., Ed. N. Seiby, & J.W. Bishop (trustees). 1894. Biennial report of the Trustees of the Industrial School and School for Manual Training at Ellendale, North Dakota. in Public documents of the state of North Dakota. Vol. 3. No. 27. Alert, State Printers & Binders. Jamestown, North Dakota. Grassick, J. (sec'y) 1910. Tenth Biennial Report of the State Board of Health. in Public documents of the state of North Dakota. Vol. 3. Doc. 19. Tribune, Printers & Binders. Bismark, North Dakota. pp. 53 & 153. Polk, R.L. (publ.) 1902. Polk's medical register and directory of the United State and Canada. 7th edition. R.L. Polk &. Company. Detroit, Michigan. p. 1499 of 3008. Smith, Ed. A. 1898. Cures diphtheria. Oakes Republican. Oakes, North Dakota. p. 4. column 5. November 11, 1898. Smith, Ken. 2010a. The College at Ellendale. www.prairieroads.org. Smith, Ken. 2010b. Scenes from the State Normal and Industrial School. www.prairieroads.org. Whitten, David. 2001. Depression of 1893. Robert Whaples (ed.). EH.Net Encyclopedia. Wright, Alex R. 1904. Auction sale of cattle. Oakes Republican. Oakes, North Dakota. p. 6. column 3. October 14, 1904. Miller, Alonzo Alexander (1865 - 1933) Alonzo A. Miller (photo here), one of nine children born to Samuel & Sarah Miller, grew up in Davenport, Iowa and graduated from high school there in 1882 (Ancestry.com 2022, Labath 2012, Scott 2017). He spent his adult life as an educator in Scott County, Iowa and married Marian Potter in October 1900 (Leader Company 1900). The couple raised one child, William, who was born in 1907 (Ancestry.com 2022). Alonzo was a victim of mental illness and ended his own life November 28, 1933 (Leysen 1933, Scott 2017). Mr. Miller began his teaching career by at least 1894, when he was listed as an instructor from Eldridge, Iowa who participated in the Scott County teachers' institute held in Davenport (Richardson 1894). He served as the Scott County Superintendent of Instruction for four years (1897-1901) and then accepted the principalship at School No. 12 (Fillmore School) in Davenport (Douglass 1901, Downer 1910, Edwards 1901). He was also a truant officer in the Davenport school system (Cram 1923). Alonzo was elected as a corresponding member of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences in 1898 (White 1898) and with that organization he functioned in a variety of capacities, including recording secretary, trustee, botany committee chairman, and lecture/entertainment committee member (Putnam 1907, White 1898). To date, no information has been uncovered that explains how Alonzo Miller became acquainted with William D. Barnes. The gentlemen evidently met outside the Davenport Academy of Sciences, because Barnes wasn't mentioned in the organization's Proceedings until 1901. On the other hand, Ferdinand Reppert was listed as a corresponding member of the Davenport Academy in 1879 (Harrison 1879), so it seems reasonable to assume that Miller and Reppert were either introduced to each other or at least interacted with one another through the Academy. Regardless of the avenue through which the three men became co-workers, Barnes, Miller, and Reppert collaborated on a flora of the Davenport region. During a ten-year period before W.D. Barnes left Iowa and settled in Washington, Alonzo A. Miller and Barnes rode bicycles throughout the Scott/Muscatine County region collecting plants to document the region's flora (Barnes et al. 1900, Barnes 1950). Those collecting forays are documented by the 450-plus plant specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium and others available through the iDigBio and SEINet specimen databases that bear the name of William D. Barnes and/or A.A. Miller as collector(s). Those collections led to the publication of "The flora of Scott and Muscatine Counties", authored by Barnes, Miller and F. Reppert (Barnes et al. 1900). In excess of 150 specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium list A.A. Miller as the collector or co-collector. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Alonzo Alexander Miller. Miller Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Barnes, Cornelia. 1950. Biography of William David Barnes. Pers. Comm. to L.F. Guldner. Putnam Museum and Science Center Archives. Barnes, W.D., F. Reppert, and A.A. Miller. 1900. The flora of Scott and Muscatine Counties. Proc. Davenport Acad. Science 9:199-287. Cram, Ralph W. (ed.) 1923. Independent School District of Davenport. The Davenport Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. July 6, 1923. page 24. Douglass, F.L. (ed.). 1901. Ex-county superintendents leave their profession. Midland Schools 16:189. Downer, Harry E. 1910. History of Davenport and Scott County, Iowa. Vol. 1. S.J. Clarke Publishing. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 563 & 945 of 1011. Edwards, James A. (publisher). 1901. State news and notes. The Iowa Normal Monthly. 25:147. Labath, Cathy (coordinator). 2012. Scott County: Iowa School Records . IAGenWeb Project. Davenport High School Class Listings. Leader Company. (publisher). 1900. Miller-Potter. The Davenport Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. page 7. column 5. October 25, 1900. Leysen, R.J. 1933. Self-inflicted bullet wound proves fatal to Alonzo A. Miller, Director of part time school, Funeral Friday. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 24. column 5&6. November 29, 1933. Putnam, E.K. (ed.). 1907. Reports of the meetings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 1904-1906. 10:178, 179, 185, 192. Harrison, Charles E. (recording sec'y) 1879. Corresponding members. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 1879-1881. 2:63. Richardson, D.N. (ed.) 1894. Our teachers. The Davenport Democrat. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. columns 3 & 4. July 30, 1894. Scott, DM. 2017. Alonzo Alexander Miller. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. White, E.M. (recording sec'y) 1898. Reports of the meetings. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci. 1897-1899. 7:280, 282, & 298. Joseph Henry Mills was born in Ohio (December 1849) and he was the only son among six children raised by Mary and Levin Mills (Ancestry.com 2022, Gates 2011). The family moved to Mount Pleasant, Iowa in 1857 (Asher 2015) and Joseph enrolled at Iowa Wesleyan College in 1866. He earned his A.B. in 1870 (Jeffrey 1917, Walters 1889, Western Historical Co. 1879), followed by an A.M. degree in 1873 from the same institution (Jeffrey 1917). Martha Jane Courtney married Joseph in November 1895 and the couple raised four children — John, Paul, George, and Adelia (Ancestry.com 2022, Gates 2011)). Mills ran a grocery store in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa to support his family (Craig 1893, Jeffery 1917, Walters 1889) and was a three-term mayor of the same community (Jeffery 1917, Parsons 1917). Martha Jane died in October 1920, but Joseph remained a citizen of Mt. Pleasant until at least 1925 (Ancestry.com 2022, Quillen 1918). The 1930 Federal Census shows Joseph Henry Mills living at the residence of his daughter and son-in-law, Adelia and Donald Lamkan, in Logan County, Illinois. Joseph died in Sangamon County, Illinois in 1935 and was interred in Mt. Pleasant, Iowa (Ancestry.com 2022). The extent to which Mills was a plant collector is unknown at present, but Carlton Ball (1899) thanked "Mr. J.H. Mills of Mt. Pleasant" for herbarium specimens used in his willow investigation. Similarly, plants collected by Mills were acknowledged in works like those of Fitzpatrick (1899), Pammel (1894 & 1902), and Wittrock (1923). Apparently Joseph Mills confined his plant collecting to the Mt. Pleasant/Henry County area, because all of his specimens at the Missouri Botanical Garden and at Iowa State University were collected in that region (SEINet database) and, all that bear a collection date, hail from the 1890s. According to Jeffrey (1917), the Iowa Wesleyan herbarium contained "specimens of over eight hundred species of the flowering plants of Henry county, collected and presented to the College by Mr. [John] Henry Mills." Alas, that claim cannot be verified, because the institution's herbarium was tragically discarded in 2023. J.H. Mills is represented in the Putnam Museum herbarium by three dicot specimens (Apocynum androsaemifolium L., Convolvulus arvensis L., Galium trifidum L.) collected from Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, but the specimens bear no collection date or other information. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Joseph Henry Mills. Mount Washington, Berkshire Co., MA Genealogy. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Asher, Pat. 2015. Ambrose Database: Joseph Henry Mills. RootsWeb. Ancestry.com Ball, Carlton R. 1899. The genus Salix in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 7:141-160. Craig, Francis D. 1893. Mount Pleasant City Directory. Francis D. Craig - publisher. Fitzpatrick, T.J. 1899. Manual of the flowering plants of Iowa. Publ. by author. Lamoni, Iowa. Gates, Dave & Mo. 2011. Joseph Henry Mills. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Jeffrey, Herbert N. (ed.) 1917. Historical sketch and alumni record of Iowa Wesleyan College. Mt. Pleasant News-Journal. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. pp. 68 & 170 of 444. Pammel, L.H. 1894. Two noxious weeds. Bull. Iowa Ag. College Expt. Station. Vol. 3. No. 28. Article 5. Pammel, L.H. 1902. Miscellaneous notes on fungus diseases. Bull. 61. Iowa State College Ag. Expt. Station. Ames, Iowa. pp. 139-142. Parsons, W.H. (ed.) 1917. Iowa stone plant has formal opening. Rock Products and Building Materials. 20:47-48. Quillen, C.W. (manager) 1918. Directory of the Mount Pleasant (Iowa) Telephone Company. Transcribed by Pat Ryan White. September 1918. Henry County, IAGenWeb. Walters, Gus. 1889. Alumni Record. in Bulletin Iowa Wesleyan College (1888-89). Mt. Pleasant Journal Print. Mt. Pleasant, Iowa. p. 67. Western Historical Co. 1879. The history of Henry County, Iowa. Western Historical Company. Chicago, Illinois. p. 426 of 668. Wittrock, G.L. 1923. Polygonum in the State of Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 30(1):345-349. Moffatt, Mrs. S.W. (1825 - 1902)
Kittie Marriott Moffatt was the second wife of Sylvanus White Moffatt and stepmother of William S. Moffatt (Lake City Publishing 1894). She perished in May of 1902 and was interred in Wheaton Cemetery, Wheaton, Illinois (Rishile 2015). In the Putnam Museum herbarium, a single specimen of the introduced species Centaurea cyanus collected by Mrs. S.W. Moffatt in 1891 from DuPage County, Illinois is present. ....... Lake City Publishing. 1894. Portrait and Biographical Record of Cook and DuPage Counties, Illinois. Lake City Publishing Co. Chicago, Illinois. p. 347 of 640. Rishile. (transcriber) 2015. Kittie Marriott-Moffatt. Billion Graves. Provo, Utah. Moffatt, William Sayer (1847 - 1941) The first member of the Moffatt lineage to reach the shores of North America arrived in the 1700s from Ireland and settled in Orange County, New York (Lake City Publishing 1894). Sylvanus White Moffatt (born in 1818), great-grandson of the original immigrants, left New York for Aurora, Illinois in 1840, where he was a teacher and a farmer (Lake City Publishing 1894). Sylvanus returned to New York in late 1843 or in 1844, taught in Canterbury for a year, and married Harriet E. Sayer (April 1845). Soon after the wedding, the newlyweds built a log cabin and established a home on a tract of land in northwestern DuPage County (Wayne Township), Illinois. They remained in Wayne Township until about 1864, when the family moved to Wheaton, Illinois. In all, Sylvanus and Harriet had five children, but three of them died of diphtheria, leaving only William and his sister Harriet (Ancestry.com 2022, Blanchard 1882, Lake City Publishing 1894). William S. Moffatt was a musician with the Illinois 141st Infantry during the Civil War (Lake City Publishing 1894, Ranger95 2015, Reece 1900) and he married Mary E. "Lizzie" Marriott (daughter of his step-mother via her first marriage) in 1875 and, though the couple apparently lived in Wheaton, Illinois (Ancestry.com 2022, Clan Moffatt Society 2016, Lake City Publishing 1894), some publications (e.g. Atwood 1911, Cassino 1894, Moffatt 1893) list an address for W.S. Moffatt as Chicago, Illinois (perhaps an indication of his business venue). Mr. Moffat earned a medical degree in 1868 from Hahnemann College in Chicago, maintained a practice in the same city, and lived in Wheaton (Lodge 1868, Mohlenbrock 1982). In various publications he was referred to using the appellation "Dr." (e.g. Baker 1910, Cassino 1894, Moffatt 1909, 1921a&b, 1923) and Duncan (1869) stated "Dr. W. S. Moffatt, of Wheaton, Ill., succeeds Dr. Smith at Sycamore." However, besides the use of the title "Dr.", information about his medical career is meager at best. So. Did Doctor/Mister Moffatt maintain an active medical practice, or did he do something else for a living? An editorial in the Journal of Orificial Surgery states "... Dr. W. S. Moffatt, at that time of Wheaton, who was a professional stenographer, was engaged to attend the lecture and report it" (Holbrook 1895). Blanchard (1882) described William as a "shorthand correspondent" in Chicago and William was said to be "engaged in business in Chicago, but resides in Wheaton" in the "Biographical Record of DuPage and Cook Counties" (Lake City Publishing 1894). At any rate, William S. Moffatt was definitely interested in natural science, especially botany. He was an active contributor to the Chicago Academy of Science (Baker 1910) and an involved member of the Gray Memorial Chapter of the Agassiz Association (Bigelow 1892). Mr. Moffatt published on a variety of educational topics in The Asa Gray Bulletin (see Moffatt 1893, 1895 a&b, 1896), he authored a brief report on the flora of DuPage County (Moffatt 1891), and he penned an opinion piece in The Chicago Tribune describing the pitfalls of alien plant cultivation (Moffatt 1901). However, William ultimately developed an interest in an important group of non-photosynthetic organisms. His mycological studies seem to have emerged around 1899, when he spoke on bracket fungi (Polyporaceae) before the Chicago Mycological Society (Williams 1899). Subsequently, Moffatt published a number of popular articles on fungi for "Birds & Nature" magazine (e.g. volumes 15 & 16). He authored some scholarly works on fungi of the Chicago region (Moffatt 1909, 1923) and in 1926 Moffatt donated his 1228 specimen herbarium of fungi to the Field Museum of Natural History (Davies 1927). Based upon the plants bearing collection dates in the iDigBio database, Moffatt did most of his plant collecting during the time period of 1884 to 1911 and the vast majority of his collections were made in the Chicagoland area (Cook and DuPage counties). He is listed as the sole collector on some sheets and as co-collector with H.S. Pepoon on others. Ninety-one specimens in the Putnam Museum herbarium were collected by W.S. Moffatt from Illinois and Indiana from 1889 through 1891. Evidently William Moffatt was not the only family member interested in natural history. It appears that his spouse, Mary, was something of an amateur arachnologist. According to Greenaway (1923) Mrs. Moffatt was "known as the 'spider woman' because of her collection of over nine hundred spiders." — a tidbit that's tangential to this biography, but interesting, nonetheless. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. William Sayer Moffitt [sic]. Allan and Judith -- Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Atwood, Wallace W. (sec'y) 1911. Active members. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sciences 3(6):182-184. Baker, Frank C. (curator) 1910. Report of the curator of the museum. in Annual report for the year 1909. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 3:44. Bigelow, E.F. (ed.) 1892. Gray Memorial Botanical Chapter of the Agassiz Association. The Observer. 3:192, 221, 223, 246, 285, 352. Blanchard, Rufus. 1882. History of DuPage County, Illinois. O.L. Baskin & Co. Chicago, Illinois. p. 64 of 247. Cassino, Samuel E. (compiler) 1894. The scientists' international director. S.E. Cassino Publ. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 158 of 186. Clan Moffat Society. 2016. William Sayer Moffatt. Clan Moffat Genealogy. Davies, D.C. (director) 1927. Departmental cataloguing, inventorying and labeling - botany. Annual report of the Director to the Board of Trustees for the year 1926. Publ. 243. Vol. III. No. 1. pp. 41 & 110 of 600. Duncan, T.C. (ed.) 1869. Periscope: personal. The United States Medial Investigator. 6:200. Greenaway, Frank W. 1923. DeKalb boys at a friendship dinner Chicago. The DeKalb Chronicle. p. 5. column 1. November 27, 1923. Holbrook, Francis D. (ed.) 1895. Editorial. Jrnl. Orificial Surgery 3:468. Lake City Publishing. 1894. Portrait and Biographical Record of DuPage and Cook Counties, Illinois. Lake City Publishing Co. Chicago, Illinois. pp. 347 & 348 of 640. Lodge, Edwin A. (ed.) 1868. Personal Notices: Graduates, 1868. American Observer Medical Monthly. Vol. 5. p. 254 of 599. Moffatt, W.S. 1891. Flora of DuPage County, Ill. The Ornithologist and Botanist 1(10,11,&12): 80, 88, & 93. Moffatt, W.S. 1893. A card index. The Asa Gray Bulletin 1:2-4. Moffatt, W.L. [sic] 1895a. The Russian thistle in Chicago. The Asa Gray Bulletin 3:12-13. [The index listed W.S. Moffatt as the author, but the body of the article gave W.L. Moffatt (a misprint) as the author.] Moffatt, W.S. 1895b. Weeds of Chicago. The Asa Gray Bulletin 3:39-40. Moffatt, W.S. 1896. Hints upon herbarium exchanges. The Asa Gray Bulletin 4:3-4. Moffatt, W.S. 1901. The Tribune amateur gardeners' contest: Editor of the Tribune. The Chicago Daily Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. p. 16. columns 5 & 6. June 24, 1901. Moffatt, Dr. Will Sayer. 1909. The Higher Fungi of the Chicago Region: Part 1 - The Hymenomycetes.. Nat. History Survey. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. No. 7. 156 pp. Moffatt, Dr. W. S. 1921a. Why Illinois prairie flowers have disappeared. The Nature-Study Review 17:307-309. Moffatt, W. S. 1921b. The periodical cicada. The Nature-Study Review 17:321-322. Moffatt, Dr. Will Sayer. 1923. The Higher Fungi of the Chicago Region: Part 2, The Gastromycetes. Nat. History Survey. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. No. 7. 49 pp. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1982. Illinois Solanaceae in the Missouri Botanical Garden Herbarium and biographical sketches of some collectors. Annals Mo. Bot. Gard. 69:382-392. Ranger95. 2015. Company "A" 141st Illinois Infantry. The United States Civil War. Reece, J.N. 1900. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Illinois. Journal Company, printers & binders. Springfield, Illinois. p. 159 of 694. Williams, E.M. 1899. Among the mycologists. Asa Gray Bulletin 7:58-61. Mohr, Charles Theodore (1824 - 1901)
In December of 1824, Charles T. Mohr (christened Karl Theodor Mohr) was born in Esslingen, Germany to Louis M. and Dorothea Mohr (Ancestry.com 2022, Sabu 2009). Charles' early interest in nature was piqued by his relationship with a retired forester (his uncle) and a naturalist (a local clergyman). In 1842 he spurned the opportunity to join his deceased father's chemical manufacturing business and instead enrolled at the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart (today's Stuttgart University). Starting in 1842, he followed a course of study in chemistry, pharmacy, and mineralogy (Davenport 1979, Flannery 2013, Smith 1901a). In 1845 Charles was asked to organize duplicate specimens in the institute's herbarium and distribute them to the local secondary schools, a task that led to his introduction to naturalist/explorer/businessman August Kappler (Davenport 1979). Post-graduation, Mohr accompanied Kappler on a plant collecting trip to Suriname, which departed in late 1845 and arrived in South America in March of the 1846 (Flannery 2013, Smith 1901b). The original plan had been for Mohr to stay in South America for three to five years, but exposure to the elements led to dysentery, "bilious fever" (malaria?), and general ill-health, forcing him in November 1846 to sail for Europe, where he arrived in March 1847. Mohr then worked as a chemist in what is present day Brno in the Czech Republic, until political upheaval in the Austrian Empire began in 1848, at which time he fled the unrest and sailed to the United States (Davenport 1988, Flannery 2013, JSTOR 2013, Smith 1901a&b Tracy 1901). Late in 1848 Charles Mohr settled in Cincinnati, Ohio and returned to his career as a chemist, but in March 1849 he joined members of the "Cincinnati Gold Mining and Trading Company" (CGM&T) on their way to seek their fortunes in the California gold fields. The CGM&T made its way to Independence, Missouri, where they were outfitted with provisions, wagons, and tools needed for the trek west. The wagon train's initial progress was brisk, the group was enthusiastic, and Mohr collected many plant specimens en route, but when the terrain became more mountainous, the too-heavily laden pack animals began to falter and by the time they reached Fort Laramie, group members were forced to abandon nonessential belongings. Rather than cast his books and herbarium specimens to the trailside, Mohr traded his gun to a Sioux Indian for a packhorse to carry his possessions. The CGM&T made it to Fort Hall in Idaho by July 1849, but their transport animals were haggard and further equipment reduction was necessary. Wagons were abandoned for pack mules, anything considered superfluous was jettisoned, and Mohr was so disgusted that he dumped his books and field collections in the Snake River. On they went, some walking, some riding, and in mid-August 1849, a bit less than four months after leaving Independence, Missouri, seven rag-tag members of the original hale and hearty 50-or-so troop reached the mining area along the Yuba River in California's Sacramento Valley (Davenport 1988, Smith 1901a, Tracy 1901). Though mining conditions were borderline barbaric, Charles Mohr found time to botanize the area, as well as have some success as a placer miner. Unfortunately, as was true in Suriname, Mohr fell ill due to the working conditions — frigid river water, extreme air temperatures, and punishing physical demands of mining. He and some friends sold their mining claims, packed up their belongings (plants and minerals in Mohr's case), headed to San Francisco, and booked passage to Panama, from where they planned to cross the isthmus and catch a steamship to New Orleans. Upon arriving in Panama, Mohr was still incredibly weak, and his friends set out across the isthmus without him. He recuperated sufficiently to start the overland trip eastward to the Atlantic Coast, but his guides stole his pack animals along the way. The herbarium he had accumulated in California was lost, all of his mineral collections were gone, and most of his personal possessions had vanished. To add insult to injury, Charles was stricken with Chagres Fever in Panama, but managed to recover sufficiently to arrive at the Atlantic port in time to see his scheduled steamship sail over the horizon without him. His ordeal reached an end in December 1850, when he finally arrived in Cincinnati by way of New Orleans (Davenport 1988, Smith 1901a, Tracy 1901). During the next two years, Charles Mohr worked on a farm in southern Indiana that he and his brother had purchased. There he met and married Sophie Roemer, but as had been the case before, he was hampered by another medical malady. This time rheumatism taught him that farming was not his calling, so he and Sophie moved to Louisville, Kentucky in 1852, where Charles put his chemistry education to work as a pharmacist. Though the climate in Louisville did not help his ailments, Charles benefited from meeting the bryologist Leo Lesquereux, who helped rekindle Charles' interest in botany. Mohr's physician recommended a warmer climate to counteract his rheumatic disorder, so the family left Louisville. They settled first in Louisiana, then moved south to Vera Cruz, Mexico, and ultimately landed near Orizaba, Mexico in early 1857. Mohr botanized the Vera Cruz and Orizaba areas during his life there (see the iDigBio and SEINet databases), but the family left the country in the latter part of 1857 to escape the political unrest that eventually led to Mexico's War of Reform. The family established itself in Mobile, Alabama in the latter part of 1857, where Mohr established Chas. Mohr & Son Pharmacists and Chemists (Davenport 1979 & 1988, Flannery 2013, JSTOR 2013, Smith 1901a, Tracy 1901). During the Civil War, Mohr was hired by the Confederacy for his pharmacological skills. He and Dr. F.J.B. Rohmer established a laboratory in Mobile for the production of medicines from locally sourced plants and to test medications like morphine, opium, and quinine that had been smuggled into the Confederacy from European suppliers (Davenport 1979 & 1988, Smith 1901a, Tracy 1901). One of the results of that work was Rohmer's publication of "The Confederate States Laboratory Formulae Notebook", which was a compilation of the materials and methods used for the production of the pharmaceuticals they developed (Donaldson 2001). After the war, in addition to running his pharmacy, Mohr was one of the founders of the Alabama Pharmaceutical Association (Elam 1898, Office of Education 1896) and he remained active in the organization for many years (Alabama Pharmaceutical Association 1883-1899, Montgomery Daily Advertiser 1881). Charles delved into the study of Alabama's geology, which included a paper (Mohr 1878c) that discussed the state's coal, iron ore, copper, and gold deposits (Davenport 1979, Smith 1901b). By the 1870s his interests focused primarily on botany and by the later 1870s he began to publish on a fairly regular basis (see "published works of Charles Mohr" in Davenport (1979) and/or Google Scholar). Charles T. Mohr's botanical pursuits varied from topics that focused on "practical and economic" features to those that were "more strictly scientific and specialized, but always directed toward the imparting of useful knowledge" (Smith 1901a). He investigated introduced species (e.g. Mohr 1878a), medicinal plants (Mohr 1890), forest trees (e.g. Mohr 1878b & 1882), and the flora of Alabama in general (e.g. Mohr 1880). By 1892 he had turned over the family business to his sons and Charles dedicated himself to botany full-time (Davenport 1979). His commitment to botany led to what many consider his most significant publication "Plant life of Alabama" (Mohr 1901). That text was an annotated checklist of the plants present in the state and included collection localities, bibliographic citations, overall distribution, and other data (Davenport 1979). Twenty-one Mohr specimens, a number of which were part of the personal herbarium of William Wirt Calkins, are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Most of Mohr's botanical specimens were given to the University of Alabama Herbarium (ca. 15,000 specimens) and to the United States National Herbarium (about 18,000 specimens - see iDigBio portal 2017). ....... Alabama Pharmaceutical Association. 1883-1899. Proceedings of the Alabama Pharmaceutical Association. Various printers and locations. Ancestry.com. 2022. Charles Theodore Mohr. Johnson Family.ged_2018-08-11. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Elam, E.E. (treasurer) 1898. Minutes of the seventeenth annual meeting of the Alabama Pharmaceutical Association. Proc. 17th Annual Meeting Alabama Pharmaceutical Assoc. J.W. Patterson, printer. Mobile, Alabama. p. 10. Davenport, L.J. 1979. Charles Mohr and plant life of Alabama. SIDA, Contributions to Botany. 8:1-13. Davenport, L.J. 1988. Charles T. Mohr, Botanist. Alabama Heritage. pp. 32-45. Donaldson, Anthony. 2001. A guide to Civil War collections in Mobile, Alabama. Gulf South Historical Review 16:71-81. Flannery, Michael A. 2013. Charles T. Mohr. Encyclopedia of Alabama. iDigBio portal. 2017. Mohr specimen search. Integrated Digitized Biocollections. JSTOR. 2013. Mohr, Charles Theodore (Karl Theodor) (1824-1901). Global Plants. Mohr, Charles. 1878a. Foreign plants introduced into the Gulf states. Bot. Gazette 3:42-46. Mohr, Charles. 1878b. The forests of Alabama and their products. in Berney, Safford. 1878. Handbook of Alabama. Mobile Register Print. Mobile, Alabama. pp. 221-248 of 338. Mohr, Charles. 1878c. Economic geology of Alabama. The Gulf Citizen 1:524-537. Mohr, Charles. 1880. Preliminary list of the plants growing without cultivation in Alabama, from the collections made by Eugene A. Smith, Tuscaloosa, and Chas. Mohr, Mobile, Ala. 57 pp. Mohr, Charles. 1882. On the distribution of the more important forest trees in the Gulf region. Amer. Jrnl. Forestry 1:78-88, 120-126. Mohr, Chas. 1890. The Medicinal Plants of Alabama. Proc. Alabama Pharmaceutical Assoc. 9:45-61. Mohr, Charles. 1901. Plant Life of Alabama. Brown Printing Co. Montgomery, Alabama. 921 pp. Montgomery Daily Advertiser. 1881. The medicine men: Alabama Pharmaceutical Association. Montgomery, Alabama. p. 3. column 3. August 13, 1881. Office of Education. 1896. Learned and educational societies. Washington, D.C. Vol. 2. p. 1535 of 2289. Sabu. 2009. Dr. Charles Theodore Mohr. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Smith, Eugene A. 1901a. Biographical sketch of Dr. Charles Mohr. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 28:599-604. Smith, Eugene A. 1901b. Charles Theodore Mohr. Geological Survey of Alabama. Issue 5. pp. v-xii. Tracy, S.M. 1901. Dr. Charles Mohr. The Plant World 4:167-170. Moon, Schuyler B. (1867 - 1930) Schuyler Barclay Moon was one of six children (three sons and three daughters) born to John and Elizabeth Moon (Ancestry.com 2020, Seitz 2006). In 1870 John and Elizabeth purchased the Snowden Plantation in Buckingham County, Virginia, so it was there that Schuyler spent his early years (Moon 1939, Scottsville Museum 2018, Yeck 2022). He completed his Bachelor of Arts degree at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, Virginia in the spring of 1887 (Lee 1887, T. Camden pers. comm. 2016, Washington and Lee University 1888) and accepted a teaching position at McDonogh School during the same year (Taggart 1890). He taught (at least during the 1888-1889 academic year) physiology, English, and geography (Taggart 1890) and was involved in the physical education program. Baltimore's German-language newspaper, Der Deutsche Correspondent, published a McDonogh School graduation announcement for 1898 and listed "Schuyler B. Moon (geschichte, botanik)" among the staff members (Raine 1898) — implying that Mr. Moon taught history and botany that year. Regardless, S. B. Moon retained his position at McDonogh School at least until in 1899 (Shepard 1899). It seems that Moon's research at McDonogh School centered around "anthropometry" (Fitz 1899, Moon 1892, 1896, 1899). He and other teachers of physical education were interested in quantifying changes in one's measurable physical attributes from birth to maturity (see charts in Moon 1896). The feeling was that the impact of physical exercise, nutrition, and environmental factors on human development could be fully understood, only when "normal" growth patterns in both genders were well known (Hitchcock 1887, Seaver 1896). Moon was an active member of the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education in 1892, the Baltimore Physical Education Society (Fitz 1898), and an involved member of the National Education Association in 1899 (Hartwell 1893, Shepard 1899). The Naturalist's Directory provides the following entry for Schuyler B. Moon, "McDonogh School, McDonogh, Md., Bot:Phaen. and Crypt. Plants, Ferns, Mosses, Mic., Zool., Gen. Biol., Histol." (Cassino 1895). Regardless of his listing in the Naturalist's Directory, the only publications authored by him during that period dealt with physical education (Moon 1892, 1896, 1899). The exact course of events is muddled, but following his experiences as a teacher, S.B. Moon decided to pursue a career in medicine in 1901 at Richmond's University College of Medicine (Dispatch Co. 1901 & 1902). Another newspaper snippet from 1906 refers to the man as Dr. S.B. Moon, implying that he'd graduated from medical school by that year (Dispatch Co. 1906). Additional trustworthy verification of Moon's medical education is being sought. In 1911 Dr. S.B. Moon was selected to become a professor of pathology at University College of Medicine (Simmons 1911) and the following year he was chosen to direct the Pasteur Institute of Virginia, where he successfully treated rabies patients (Bryan 1930, Edwards 1912, Moon 1911). During his career he was a member of Grace Hospital's staff and a visiting physician at the Virginia Home for Incurables for twenty-three years (Bryan 1930, Times-Dispatch Publishing Co. 1930b). During his career, Dr. Moon published only two medical papers — one on the diagnosis of rabies (Moon 1911) and another on gall bladder/bile duct ailments (Moon 1915). Alice Pendleton and Schuyler Moon were married in September 1896. They raised two daughters, Elizabeth and Constance (Ancestry.com 2020, Seitz 2006). Newspaper reports stated that Dr. Moon's health had deteriorated and that he perished July 12, 1930 via asphyxiation suicide (Times-Dispatch Publishing Co. 1930a). It seems odd Moon's accomplishments as an instructor at McDonogh School were mentioned in none of the obituaries describing his life. Five angiosperm specimens collected from the state of Maryland in 1891 by S. Moon are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Dr. Schuyler B. Moon. Deborah Adams Lenard Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Bryan, John Stewart. 1930. Dr. Moon funeral held in Louisa. Richmond News Leader. Richmond, Virginia. p. 24. column 4. July 14, 1930. Cassino, Samuel E. (compiler). 1895. The Naturalist's Directory. S.E. Cassino, publisher. Boston. pp. 136 & 245 of 382. Dispatch Co. 1901. Frederick's Hall News. The Richmond Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 2. column 1. September 4, 1901. Dispatch Co. 1902. Frederick's Hall News. The Richmond Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 4. column 6. April 23, 1902. Dispatch Co. 1906. Personal Mention. The Richmond Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 6. column 2. July 5, 1906. Edwards, Charles M. (corresponding sec'y) 1912. Dr. S.B. Moon. Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly. 16(1):20. Fitz, George Wells. (ed.) 1898. Baltimore Physical Education Society. Amer. Physical Educ. Rev. 3(4):314. Fitz, George Wells. (ed.) 1899. News, Notes. Amer. Physical Educ. Rev. 4:97 & 98. Hartwell, Edward M. (president). 1893. AAAPE: Active members. Seventh Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Held in 1892. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Advan. Physical Educ. pp. 83 & 123. Hitchcock, E. 1887. The need of anthropometry. Report Second Annual Meeting of Amer. Assn. for the Adv. of Phys. Educ. 17 pp. Lee, G.W.C. (president). 1887. Catalogue of Washington and Lee University. Press of Isaac Friedenwald. Baltimore, Maryland. p. 10 of 85. Moon, Anna Mary. 1939. Sketches of the Moon and Barclay families : including the Harris, Moorman, Johnson, Appling families. Chattanooga, Tennessee. p. 11 of 108. Moon, S. B. 1892. Measurements of the Boys of the McDonogh School for 1881-91. McDonogh School, Maryland 46 pp. Moon, S. B. 1896. The Growth of Boys. Report Tenth Annual Meeting of Amer. Assn. for the Adv. of Phys. Educ. pp. 19-23. Moon, S. B. 1899. The Question of Growth at Puberty. Amer. Phys. Educ. Rev. 4:294-298. Moon, S. B. 1911. Microscopic diagnosis of rabies. Jrnl. American Med. Assoc. 57(9):535. Moon, S. B. 1915. Etiology and pathology of the biliary tract. Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly 20(16):393-396. Raine, E. (ed.) 1898. McDonogh Institut. Der Deutsche Correspondent. Baltimore, Maryland. p. 8. columns 7 & 8. May 29, 1898. Scottsville Museum. 2018. Snowden - discussion of history and photographs. Capturing our heritage. Scottsville Museum. Scottsville, Virginia. Seaver, J.W. 1896. Anthropometry and physical examination. O.A. Dorman Co. New Haven, Connecticut. 200 pp. Seitz, George. 2006. Dr. Schuyler Barclay Moon. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Shepard, Irwin. (secretary). 1899. List of life and active members. Jrnl. of Proc. & Addresses of Nat. Educ. Assoc. 38th Annual Mtg. p. 1202 of 1258. Simmons, George H. (ed.) 1911. Medical news: Virginia. Jrnl. American Med. Assoc. 57(3):228. Taggart, Samuel H. (president). 1890. Annual report of the trustees of the McDonogh Fund. in Mayor's message and reports of the city officers. Baltimore, Maryland. pp. 1087 - 1201 (see pp. 1139 & 1176). Times-Dispatch Publishing Co. 1930a. Dr. S.B. Moon ends life by taking gas. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 6. column 1. July 13, 1930. Times-Dispatch Publishing Co. 1930b. Moon funeral services to be conducted today. Richmond Times-Dispatch. Richmond, Virginia. p. 14. column 1. July 14, 1930. Washington and Lee University. 1888. Catalogue of the Officers and Alumni of Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, 1749-1888. p.202 of 245. Yeck, Joanne L. 2022. Snowden: A Plantation in Buckingham County, Part VIII. Slate River Ramblings. WebLog. Morrissey, Thomas Justin (1924 - 1962) Thomas J. Morrissey (photo on page 90 here), was one of eight children born to Lawrence and Margaret Morrissey (Ancestry.com 2022). He was raised in Davenport, Iowa, where he attended St. Ambrose Academy. Following high school, Morrissey earned his Bachelor of Science degree in 1947 from St. Ambrose College (Fulton 1957, Leysen 1947) and Thomas was appointed to the staff of St. Ambrose College as a biology/botany instructor in the 1948 and 1949 (Hagge et al. 1948, Harrison 1949). By 1952 Tom had moved on to Iowa City, where he began a master's program at the State University of Iowa (Fulton 1952), but no record of his graduation has been located thus far. It was reported that Morrissey taught for a period at the University, that he completed research at the University of Michigan in marine biology, and worked as a biology advisor for Chicago's CBS-TV College of the Air (Feeney 1962). Thomas had been on the staff as a biology instructor at Guilford College (Greensboro, North Carolina) for only a week, when he suffered a heart attack and perished (Feeney 1962, Morrah 1963). Though Morrissey's interests included entomology (Hauber & Morrissey 1945 & 1946, Morrissey 1950), mammalogy (Morrissey 1941 a&b), parasitology, ornithology (Morrissey 1947, 1949, 1951, 1954), and botany (Morrissey 1956), he was particularly devoted to birding. He led birding hikes (Leysen 1943), reported on waterfowl, and wildlife management in general (Harrison 1948, Morrissey 1952). Thomas Morrissey collected plants with Ludwig Guldner and his plant observations/collections were often cited by Guldner (1960). Eighteen herbarium specimens collected by Morrissey or the Morrissey-Guldner team are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Thomas J. Morrisey. Roe Roe the Boat Family Tree. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Feeney, Thomas J. 1962. Obituaries: Thomas J. Morrissey. Iowa Bird Life. 32:91-92. Fulton, M.A. (ed.) 1952. Science students are honored by SUI groups. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 10. column 2. May 14, 1952. Fulton, M.A. (ed.) 1957. L.M.B. Morrissey dies; Heart attack. The Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 1. columns 7&8 2. January 26, 1957. Guldner, Ludwig F. 1960. The vascular plants of Scott and Muscatine Counties. Publ. in botany. Davenport Public Museums. No. 1. Hagge, David J., G.M. Thompson, & Bernard Callahan. (eds.) 1948. The 1948 Oaks. Sixty-fifth anniversary edition. St. Ambrose College. Davenport, Iowa. See faculty photographs. Harrison, Hugh. (ed.) 1948. The Campfire. The Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 47. columns 6&7. April 25, 1948. Harrison, Hugh. (ed.) 1949. 15 appointed to faculty and administrative staff at St. Ambrose for start of fall term. The Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 15. columns 2,3&4. July 28, 1949. Hauber, U.A. and Thomas Morrissey. 1945. Limnochironomids in Iowa including their life histories (Chironomidae-Diptera)(Chironomidae-Diptera). Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 52(1):287-292. Hauber, U.A. and Thomas Morrissey. 1946. Tanypodinae of Iowa (Diptera) II. Pentaneura guttipennis (V. d. Wulp). Amer. Midl. Naturalist 35:532-534. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1943. Bird lovers enjoy May Day hike; 75 at annual affair. Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 4. column 3. May 1, 1943. Leysen, R.J. (ed.) 1947. Colleges will graduate 107 here June 1; Rev. Newman Flanagan to be baccalaureate service speaker. Daily Times. Davenport, Iowa. p. 13. columns 3&4. May 23, 1947. Morrah, David W. (ed.) 1963. In memoriam. Alumni Journal. Guilford College Bulletin. 56:15. Morrissey, Thomas. 1941a. Ground squirrel in an oak tree. Jrnl. of Mammalogy 22:88. Morrissey, Thomas. 1941b. Least weasel in Iowa. Jrnl. of Mammalogy. 22:326. Morrissey, T. J. 1947. Some factors influencing the abundance of waterfowl along the Mississippi River in Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 54(1):345-348. Morrissey, Thomas. 1949. The winter food of some long-eared owls. Iowa Bird Life. 19:70-71. Morrissey, Thomas. 1950. Tanypodinae of Iowa (Diptera). III. Amer. Midland Nat. 43:88-91. Morrissey, Thomas. 1951. Further notes on long-eared owls. Iowa Bird Life. 21:28-29. Morrissey, Thomas. 1952. The Campfire. The Democrat and Leader. Davenport, Iowa. p. 40. columns 1&2. March 4, 1952. Morrissey, Thomas. 1954. Another Record for the American Scoter in Iowa. Iowa Bird Life. 24:15. Morrissey, Thomas. 1956. The flora of the Pine Hill Prairie relict. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 63:201-213. Moyer, Isaac Shoemaker (1838 - 1898) Isaac S. Moyer was born (February 1838) to Jacob D. and Barbara Ann Moyer about 20 miles northwest of Philadelphia in Montgomery County (Ancestry.com 2022, Battle 1887, Fretz 1899, Moon 2016). Barbara Ann perished when he was eight days old, so Isaac was raised by his maternal grandparents and he attended the public schools near his home. Isaac was then sent to continue his education at Freeland Seminary, in Collegeville, Pennsylvania (the present-day Ursinus College). He completed three years of study at Freeland and, following that, taught in public schools for two years (Fretz 1899, Moon 2016). When he was 19 (approximately 1857), Isaac began studying medicine under the guidance of his uncle, Dr. Joseph Moyer in Kulpsville, Pennsylvania. He went on to continue his medical education at Pennsylvania Medical University in Philadelphia, graduating in March of 1859. Moyer then practiced medicine for nine years about 40 miles north of Philadelphia in Plumsteadville. Moyer sold his medical practice in early 1868, spent a year traveling, and in April 1869 he purchased a healthcare clinic in Quakertown, Pennsylvania, where he once again was a physician (Battle 1887, Bergey 1925, Fretz 1899, Leader Publishing Co. 1898a, Moon 2016). After his graduation from medical school, Isaac married Laura F. Kratz in October 1859. The couple made a home in Plumsteadville, Pennsylvania and had three children - Eugene, Lilian, and Florence. Laura perished in 1866. It appears that only Lilian survived beyond infancy and she was married in October 1898 (Ancestry.com 2022, Battle 1887, Bergey 1925, Elverson 1898, Moon 2016). Isaac was re-married in 1869 to Caroline Fackenthall in Quakertown, Pennsylvania and they had one child together, Florence (Battle 1887, Moon 2016). "Miss Florence Moyer, daughter of Dr. I.S. Moyer, was married at her parents [sic] residence" (Moyer & Kramer 1896). In February 1889 Dr. Moyer suffered a cerebral hemorrhage, but he recovered sufficiently to resume seeing patients to the degree he was able (Moyer & Kramer 1889 & 1898). In all, Dr. Moyer practiced medicine for 35 years, a period during which he developed a strong interest in natural history. He was knowledgeable in the fields of entomology and ornithology, but his greatest interest was in botany. In particular he focused on the flora of Bucks County, Pennsylvania and published the first checklist of the plants of that region (Battle 1887, Leader Publishing Co. 1898a, Moon 2016, Moyer 1884 & 1905, Thomas & Moyer 1876). He received an honorary A.M. degree from Muhlenberg College (Allentown, Pennsylvania) in 1887 (Fretz 1899, Seip & Dry 1887). One specimen of Rhododendron maximum that was collected in June of 1866 from the "Delaware River" by J.[sic] S. Moyer and C.F. Parker is present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. Following his death, Dr. Moyer's herbarium was donated to the Bucks County Historical Society (Leader Publishing Co. 1898b, Pennell 1942-1943), which is now part of the Mercer Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. That herbarium has since been distributed to various other organizations and a few hundred of Moyer's plant specimens (see I.S. Moyer and J.S. Mayer) may be viewed via the iDigBio and SEINet databases. There was a fair amount of confusion as to the correct identity of this collector. The Putnam Museum specimen clearly spells the collector's name as "J.S. Moyer". An early directory of naturalists in eastern North America published the following: "Mayer, J.[sic] S., M.D. Quakertown, Bucks Co., Pa. Botany. Eastern Am. and European plants in exchange for those of the Western and Southern States (Cassino 1877)." In spite of those conflicting bits of information in mind, the collector here appears to have been Isaac Shoemaker Moyer. ....... Ancestry.com. 2022. Isaac Shoemaker Moyer MD. Dianne Mary Hill Barlow. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Battle, J.H. (ed.) 1887. History of Bucks County. Pennsylvania Reprint Society & Southwestern Pennsylvania Genealogical Services. The Reprint Company. Spartanburg, South Carolina. p. 1056 of 1278. Bergey, David H. 1925. Genealogy of the Bergey Family: A record of the descendants of John Ulrich Berget and his wife Mary. Frederick H. Hitchcock: Publisher. New York City, New York. p. 299. Elverson, James (president). 1898. What the people are doing in Pennsylvania towns: Quakertown. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 38. column 3. November 1, 1898. Fretz, Rev. A.J. 1899. A brief history of Bishop Henry Funck and other Funk pioneers. Vol. II. Mennonite Publ. Company. Elkhart, Indiana. pp. 448-450 of 874. Leader Publishing Co. 1898a. Death of Isaac S. Moyer, botanist and naturalist. The Allentown Leader. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 1. column 2. September 10, 1898. Leader Publishing Co. 1898b. Dr. Moyer's herbarium. The Allentown Daily Leader. Allentown, Pennsylvania. p. 3. column 2. November 30, 1898. Moon, Robert S. 2016. Isaac S. Moyer. in Bob Moon & Patricia Anderson's Family History Moyer, H.G. & S.R. Kramer. 1889. From Quakertown. The Central News. Perkasie, Pennsylvania. p. 2. column 3. February 28, 1889. Moyer, H.G. & S.R. Kramer. 1896. Quakertown News. The Central News. Perkasie, Pennsylvania. p. 2. column 4. June 18, 1896. Moyer, H.G. & S.R. Kramer. 1898. Quakertown News. The Central News. Perkasie, Pennsylvania. p. 2. column 4. September 15, 1898. Moyer, Isaac S. 1884. Indigenous and naturalized flowering plants, ferns and fern allies of Bucks County. Bucks County Historical Society Papers 1:161-172. Moyer, I. S. 1905. An enumeration of the indigenous and naturalized plants found growing in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.. appendix in Flora and fauna of Bucks County. 54 pp. Pennell, Francis W. (1942-1943) Botanical Collectors of the Philadelphia Local Area. Bartonia:22:10-31. Seip, Frank M. & Preston R. Dry. (eds.) 1887. Untitled miscellaneous items. Muhlenberg Monthly 4:138. Thomas, J. & I. S. Moyer. 1876. Plants, birds and mammals of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. in W. W. H. Davis, History of Bucks County. Published by the author, Doylestown. Appendix pp. 3-27. Myers, Perry Cullen (1867 - 1927) Perry C. Myers was the eldest of five children raised by Andrew J. and Catherine Myers, who were farmers in the vicinity of Millersburg, Iowa. Perry and Rowena E. Faas, both of Millersburg, were married in October 1891. Perry and Rowena had three children, Orlie was born in 1892, Lelia was born in 1894, and Eunice was born in 1896 (Ancestry.com 2022, None to be forgotten 2014). Perry majored in geology at the State University of Iowa, earned a B.S. in 1899 (Springer 1899, State University of Iowa 1904), and continued at the university as an M.S. student during 1902 and 1903 (State University of Iowa 1903). Myers spent a two-year period (1899 - 1901) as a science teacher at Iowa City High School (Springer 1901, Barrett 1900). In 1901 he was elected a fellow of the Iowa Academy of Science (Leonard 1902) and he left Iowa City for a better position. Perry was offered a salary increase ($60/month to $900/year) to be the head of the science department at Winona High School (Winona, Minnesota). Perry accepted and he retained that position for 23 years (Closway 1960, Springer 1901). While at the State University of Iowa, Myers was actively engaged in the study of diatoms and in 1898 he authored two papers on those organisms in Iowa (Myers 1898 a&b). The following year, Perry worked on a project to "... complete a photographic record of the diatoms of Iowa, recent and fossil (Coulter et al. 1899)." That summer project led to a third publication which described the methods he used to photograph the algae he examined (Myers 1901). Mr. Myers had at least a passing interest in entomology, as evidenced by his insect collections from the Williamsburg area cited by Wickham (1898 & 1911). In Winona, Myers was acquainted with John M. Holzinger at Winona State Teachers College (Winona Normal School) and lent some assistance to Holzinger's research on fossil mosses (Holzinger 1903). During his tenure at Winona High School, Myers presented an "autochrome lantern slide" presentation to the local pharmaceutical association on medicinal plants available in the immediate vicinity (Myers 1912). Myers also recorded and reported weather conditions for the U.S. Weather Bureau (Bigelow 1910, Purssell 1926) and in the local newspaper (e.g. White 1920). When the Minnesota Home Guard was created in 1917, Perry enlisted and served as a sergeant until the end of World War I. He continued his service and rose to the rank of captain with the Minnesota National Guard (Rhinow 1918, White 1927a). Inside the classroom and beyond, Perry Cullen Myers significantly impacted the community he adopted in Minnesota. "... Without regard for personal gain or the acclaim of his fellow citizens he devoted his time and talent unreservedly and unstintingly to his chosen profession. ... His work outside the classroom was known, his judgment heeded and his wisdom recognized by people in all walks of life. ... (White 1927b)". P.C. Myers collected Cercis canadensis L., Lycopus americanus Muhl., Mimulus ringens L., Pontederia cordata L., Prunus americana Marsh., and Sanicula gregaria Bickn. in 1897 from Muscatine Island (Muscatine & Louisa Counties, Iowa) that are present in the Putnam Museum herbarium. ....... Ancestry.com 2022. Prof. Perry Cullen Myers. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. Provo, Utah. Barrett, Richard C. 1900. Report of Superintendent of Public Instruction. in Legislative documents submitted to the twenty-eighth general assembly of the State of Iowa. Vol. 2. F.R. Conaway - state printer. Des Moines, Iowa. p.91. Bigelow, Frank H. (ed.) 1910. Climatological Data: District No. 5, Upper Mississippi Valley. Monthly Weather Review. Vol. 38. pp.53, 220, 384, 562, 725, & 877. Closway, G.R. (ed.). 1960. 92nd birthday open house. Winona Daily News. Winona, Minnesota. p. 9. column 1. March 4, 1960. Coulter, John M., Charles R. Barnes, & J.C. Arthur. (eds.) 1899. News. Botanical Gazette 28:79. Holzinger, John M. 1903. On some fossil mosses. Bryologist 6:93-94. Leonard, A.G. 1902. Proceedings of the sixteenth annual session. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 9:16. Myers, P. C. 1898a. Preliminary report on the diatoms of Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 6:47-52. Myers, P.C. 1898b. Report on a fossil diatomaceous deposit in Muscatine county, Iowa. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 4:52-53. Myers, P.C. 1901. Photographing diatoms. Jrnl. Applied Microscopy 4:1439-1442. Myers, P.C. 1912. Medicinal plants growing in the vicinity of Winona. in F.J. Wulling. Proceedings of the local branches: northwestern branch. Jrnl. Amer. Pharmaceutical Assoc. 1:781-783. None to be forgotten. 2014. Prof. Perry C. Myers. Find a grave. Provo, Utah. Purssell, U.G. 1926. Climatological data: Minnesota section. Vol. 32 & 33. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture. Weather Bureau. see pp. 34, 38, & others. Rhinow, Walter F. 1918. National Guard: Roster of Fifth Regiment. Report of the Adjutant General of the State of Minnesota. Syndicate Printing Co. Minneapolis, Minnesota. p. 280 of 373. Springer, J. (ed.) 1899. The Collegiates Graduate. Daily Iowa State Press. Iowa City, Iowa. page 5. column 4. June 8, 1899. Springer, Jno. (ed.). 1901. Called to Winona - Prof. P. C. Myers honored. Iowa City Press-Citizen. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 4. column 5. August 16, 1901. State University of Iowa. 1904. Calendar of the State University of Iowa. 1903-1904. Publ. by the University. Iowa City, Iowa. p. 497 of 531. White, H.G. (managing ed.) 1920. Record of the weather. Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. p. 5. column 3. January 3, 1920. White, H.G. (managing director) 1927a. Hardening of arteries leads to sudden death. Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. p. 1. columns 6 &7. March 17, 1927. White, H.G. (managing director) 1927b. He loved his work. Republican-Herald. Winona, Minnesota. p. 12. column 1. March 21, 1927. Wickham, H.F. 1898. On Coleoptera found with ants. Psyche. 8(266):219-221. Wickham, H.F. 1911. A list of the Coleoptera of Iowa. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa. 6:1-40. |
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